SynthesisFrontiers in neuroanatomy2022
Brain Changes Associated With Long-Term Ketamine Abuse, A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in neuroanatomy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effectiveness of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy as a treatment for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review.Psychopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Ketamine in psychiatry: a systematic review of clinical applications, safety considerations, and emerging challenges.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Ketamine for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: Double-blind active-controlled crossover study.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2025Trial
- Ketamine for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: Double-blind active-controlled crossover study.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2024Trial
- Ketamine Beyond Anaesthesia: Analgesic, Psychiatric, Antitumour, and Immunomodulatory Actions and Their Signalling Mechanisms.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- The impact of ketamine on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in trauma-exposed populations: a narrative review.Journal of trauma and injury · 2026Article
- Hippocampal subfield differences in people with and without recreational ketamine use: Insights from multi-modal neuroimaging.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Associations between substance use treatment and ketamine use: A hypothesis-generating analysis.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Sedation as an Immunomodulator of Inflammatory Responses in the Lung-Brain Axis of ARDS.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Ketamine addiction following a single sub-anaesthetic ketamine treatment for acute suicidality in a psychiatrically multimorbid patient: case report.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Approaches to ketamine-assisted couple therapy.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Persistent neuropsychiatric dysfunction following chronic tiletamine-containing e-cigarette use: a case report.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Treating addiction with an addictive drug: the ketamine paradox revisited.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Anxiety and depression in emerging adults: The STAND program as a model of scalable screening and intervention.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Suspected cumulative neuro-ophthalmic toxicity after chronic oral exposure to the veterinary anesthetic tiletamine: a case report.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Ketamine Infusion for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in Patients with Chronic Pain: a Narrative Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2025Review
- The Ketamine Trial for Acute Suicidality (KETA): Study Protocol of a Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Superiority Trial on Intranasal Racemic Ketamine Compared to the Active Placebo Intranasal Midazolam as Treatment for Acute Suicidality.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2025Article
- Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Chronic High-Dose Ketamine-Induced Apoptosis in the Hippocampus: A Narrative Review.Neurochemical research · 2025Review
- A community-centered approach to psychedelics.Discover mental health · 2025Review
- Ketamine for treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder: double-blind active-controlled randomised crossover study.BJPsych open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recently, the abuse of ketamine has soared. Therefore, it is of great importance to study its potential risks. The effects of prolonged ketamine on the brain can be observationally studied in chronic recreational users. We performed a systematic review of studies reporting functional and structural brain changes after repeated ketamine abuse. We searched the following electronic databases: Medline, Embase and PsycINFO We screened 11,438 records and 16 met inclusion criteria, totaling 440 chronic recreational ketamine users (2-9.7 years; mean use 2.4 g/day), 259 drug-free controls and 44 poly-drug controls. Long-term recreational ketamine use was associated with lower gray matter volume and less white matter integrity, lower functional thalamocortical and corticocortical connectivity. The observed differences in both structural and functional neuroanatomy between ketamine users and controls may explain some of its long-term cognitive and psychiatric side effects, such as memory impairment and executive functioning. Given the effect that long-term ketamine exposure may yield, an effort should be made to curb its abuse.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.