ArticleVaccine2022
Trends and disparities in the utilization of influenza vaccines among commercially insured US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in Vaccine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of COVID-19 on vaccine confidence and uptake: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Relationships Between Vaccine Knowledge, Hesitancy, and Conspiracy Beliefs on COVID-19, Influenza, and HPV Vaccination.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-Associated Hospitalizations With SARI in Beijing, China, in the 2024-2025 Season.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Vaccination Strategies Against Respiratory Pathogens in the Adult Population: A Narrative Review.Vaccines · 2026Review
- RSV vaccination uptake among adults aged 60 years and older in the United States during the 2023-2025 vaccination seasons.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Strengths and limitations of non-survey-based data sources for assessing adult vaccination coverage in the United States.Expert review of vaccines · 2025Review
- Utilizing an Educational Intervention to Enhance Influenza Vaccine Literacy and Acceptance Among Minoritized Adults in Southern Californian Vulnerable Communities in the Post-COVID-19 Era.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Early vaccine effectiveness estimates against medically attended laboratory-confirmed influenza based on influenza surveillance, Beijing, China, 2024/25 season.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- The Impact of Vaccination on COVID-19, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Review
- Change in influenza vaccine uptake among adults in the United States from May 2020 to October 2024.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the free vaccination policy on seasonal influenza vaccination uptake among older adults in Ningbo, Eastern China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Changes in the Epidemiological Features of Influenza After the COVID-19 Pandemic in China, the United States, and Australia: Updated Surveillance Data for Influenza Activity.Interactive journal of medical research · 2024Article
- Influenza vaccination accuracy among adults: Self-report compared with electronic health record data.Vaccine · 2024Article
- The association between influenza vaccination and the perception of COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 vaccination behavior among community residents in Anhui province, China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Influenza Vaccination Rate and Related Factors in Korean Adults During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic.Asia-Pacific journal of public health · 2023Article
- Associations between Influenza Vaccination and Health Care Access among Adults in the United States.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Peri-Pandemic Acceptance of Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination by Swiss Healthcare Workers in Primary Care 2020/21: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of public health · 2023Article
- Association of COVID-19 Vaccination With Influenza Vaccine History and Changes in Influenza Vaccination.JAMA network open · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesLittle is known about how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected influenza vaccine utilization and disparities. We sought to estimate changes in the likelihood of receiving an influenza vaccine across different demographic subgroups during the COVID-19 pandemic.
methodsIn this cohort study, we analyzed influenza vaccine uptake from 2019 to 2020 using Optum commercial insurance claims data. Eligible individuals were aged 18 or above in 2018 and continuously enrolled from 08/01/2018 through 12/31/2020. Multivariable logistic regressions were fitted for the individual-level influenza vaccine uptake. Adjusting for demographic factors and medical histories, we estimated probabilities of receiving influenza vaccines before and after the COVID-19 pandemic across demographic subgroups.
resultsFrom August to December 2019, unadjusted influenza vaccination rate was 42.3%, while in the same period of 2020, the vaccination rate increased to 45.9%. Females had a higher vaccination rate in 2019 (OR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.15-1.16), but the increase was larger for males. Blacks and Hispanics had lower vaccination rates relative to whites in both flu seasons. Hispanics showed a greater increase in vaccination rate, increasing by 7.8 percentage points (p < .001) compared to 4.4 (p < .001) for whites. The vaccination rate for Blacks increased by 5.2 percentage points (p < .001). All income groups experienced vaccination improvements, but poorer individuals had lower vaccination rates in both seasons. The most profound disparities occurred when educational cohort were considered. The vaccination rate increased among college-educated enrollees by 8.8 percentage points (p < .001) during the pandemic compared to an increase of 2.8 percentage points (p < .001) for enrollees with less than a 12th grade education. Past influenza infections or vaccination increased the likelihood of vaccination (p < .001).
conclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increased influenza vaccine utilization. Disparities persisted but narrowed with respect to gender and race but worsened with respect to income and educational attainment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.