ArticleMediators of inflammation2022
Extracellular Cardiolipin Modulates Select Immune Functions of Astrocytes in Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4-Dependent Manner.
Article in Mediators of inflammation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bioactive lipid-derived nanoparticles for RNA delivery.Materials today (Kidlington, England) · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial transfer as a driver of immune microenvironment remodeling.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- α7nAChR alleviates cognitive impairment by promoting autophagy in astrocytes via CaMKK2/AMPK/mTOR pathway in sepsis-associated encephalopathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Role of Cardiolipin in Brain Bioenergetics, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Extracellular ATP regulates phagocytic activity, mitochondrial respiration, and cytokine secretion of human astrocytic cells.Purinergic signalling · 2025Article
- Lactoferrin Attenuates Pro-Inflammatory Response and Promotes the Conversion into Neuronal Lineages in the Astrocytes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The role of monocytes and macrophages in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Alzheimer's Disease, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on Common Neuroglial Dysfunctions (Critical Review and New Data on Human Brain and Models).Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Mechanisms underlying sex differences in autoimmunity.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- Extracellular mixed histones are neurotoxic and modulate select neuroimmune responses of glial cells.PloS one · 2024Article
- Mitochondrial extracellular vesicles, autoimmunity and myocarditis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- From Co-Infections to Autoimmune Disease via Hyperactivated Innate Immunity: COVID-19 Autoimmune Coagulopathies, Autoimmune Myocarditis and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Regulation of the phagocytic activity of astrocytes by neuroimmune mediators endogenous to the central nervous system.PloS one · 2023Article
- Characterization of Macrophage-Tropic HIV-1 Infection of Central Nervous System Cells and the Influence of Inflammation.Journal of virology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, which is partially mediated by dysregulated functions of glial cells. Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid normally confined to the inner mitochondrial membrane; however, it has been detected in human sera, indicating that it can exist in the extracellular space where it may interact with nearby cells. Although CL has been shown to modulate several functions of microglia in a toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-dependent manner, the effects of extracellular CL on astrocytes are unknown. In addition to their homeostatic functions, astrocytes participate in neuroimmune responses of the brain and express TLR 4. Therefore, we hypothesized that extracellular CL (1) modulates the secretion of cytokines and cytotoxins by astrocytes, as well as their phagocytic activity, and (2) acts by interacting with astrocyte TLR 4. We demonstrate that CL inhibits the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced secretion of cytotoxins and expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by human U118 MG astrocytic cells. CL alone upregulates the phagocytic activity of human astrocytic cells and primary murine astrocytes. CL in combination with LPS upregulates secretion of interleukin (IL)-1
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.