ArticleHealth economics2022
Linear mixed models to handle missing at random data in trial-based economic evaluations.
Article in Health economics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multiple Adverse Outcomes Associated with Risperidone in People with Dementia: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis.CNS drugs · 2026Pooled it
- The modifying effect of work-care role conflict on the effectiveness of carer support: results from the Australian Draw Care randomized clinical trial.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Trial
- Feasibility of a Virtual Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Intervention for Individuals With Chronic Pain: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR formative research · 2026Trial
- Surveillance vs Standard Surgery and Cost-Effectiveness After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Recent cannabis exposure and acute nicotine effects: insights from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intravenous nicotine studies.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- CanRestoreFunction: Cancer-related fatigue management eHealth intervention- a pilot pragmatic randomized-control trial.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Trial
- Virtual Reality Relaxation for Reducing Aggression and Emotional Distress in At-Risk Adolescents in Israeli Residential Care: A Feasibility Randomized Clinical Trial.Aggressive behavior · 2026Trial
- Food Insecurity Interventions to Improve Blood Pressure: The Healthy Food First Factorial Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA internal medicine · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Effects of a psychoeducational group intervention for adults diagnosed with ADHD: a pilot randomized controlled study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of fenofibrate versus standard care for reducing the progression of diabetic retinopathy: An economic evaluation based on data from the LENS trial.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Cardiac Biomarkers, Subclinical Brain Vascular Changes, and Cognitive Decline: Post Hoc Analysis of the SPRINT Trial.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Trial
- Health-related social control in overweight romantic couples: daily associations with physical activity and affect for targets and agents.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2025Trial
- Effects of a symptom-titrated exercise program on fatigue and quality of life in people with post-COVID condition - a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Health-related quality of life among older adults following acute hospitalization: longitudinal analysis of a randomized controlled trial.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2024Trial
- Long-term effects and predictors of change of internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy on cardiac anxiety in patients with non-cardiac chest pain: a randomized controlled trial.BMC psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Problem-solving therapy can reduce psychological distress in patients with Cushing's disease: a randomized controlled trial.Pituitary · 2022Trial
- Missing Data in Trial-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: The Journey Continues.PharmacoEconomics · 2026Review
- Feedback from group III/IV afferents in skeletal muscle slows heart rate acceleration when transitioning from rest to low-intensity exercise in males.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Trial-based cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) are an important source of evidence in the assessment of health interventions. In these studies, cost and effectiveness outcomes are commonly measured at multiple time points, but some observations may be missing. Restricting the analysis to the participants with complete data can lead to biased and inefficient estimates. Methods, such as multiple imputation, have been recommended as they make better use of the data available and are valid under less restrictive Missing At Random (MAR) assumption. Linear mixed effects models (LMMs) offer a simple alternative to handle missing data under MAR without requiring imputations, and have not been very well explored in the CEA context. In this manuscript, we aim to familiarize readers with LMMs and demonstrate their implementation in CEA. We illustrate the approach on a randomized trial of antidepressants, and provide the implementation code in R and Stata. We hope that the more familiar statistical framework associated with LMMs, compared to other missing data approaches, will encourage their implementation and move practitioners away from inadequate methods.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.