ArticleAnaerobe2022
Identification of Clostridium innocuum hypothetical protein that is cross-reactive with C. difficile anti-toxin antibodies.
Article in Anaerobe, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of vancomycin and Clostridioides difficile on the secretome and pathogenicity of Clostridium innocuum.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2025Article
- Co-Colonization of Non-Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Fecal dysbiosis and inflammation in intestinal-specific Cftr knockout mice on regimens preventing intestinal obstruction.Physiological genomics · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Association Between Clostridium innocuum and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Adults and Children: A Cross-sectional Study and Comparative Genomics Analysis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Can Clostridium innocuum Masquerade as Clostridioides difficile?Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesPreviously considered solely an opportunistic pathogen, Clostridium innocuum (CI) was recently reported in Taiwan to be an emerging cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clinically indistinguishable from Clostridioides difficile (CD) infection. We previously identified CI culture supernatant being cross-reactive with commercial CD toxin enzyme immunoassays. We aimed to identify and characterize the cross-reacting protein and determine whether it functioned as a human toxin.
methodsWe performed western blots using CI culture supernatants and CD anti-toxin antibodies and identified interacting bands. We identified protein(s) using tandem mass spectrometry and evaluated them by cytotoxicity assays.
resultsCI, but not CD, was isolated from stool of 12 children and adults with diarrhea. Culture supernatant from 6/12 CI isolates, and an ATCC reference strain, tested positive for CD toxins (total 7/13 isolates) by commercial EIA. Using two of these isolates, we identified two ∼40 kDa hypothetical proteins, CI_01447 and CI_01448, and confirmed cross-reactivity with CD anti-toxin antibodies by enzyme immunoassay and Western blot. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed all 13 isolates contained both genes, which were highly conserved. We observed no cytopathic or cytotoxic effects to HeLa cells when treated with these proteins. We identified amino acid sequence similarity to the NlpC/P60 family of proteins.
conclusionsOur findings do not suggest CI proteins CI_01448 and CI_01447, which cross-react with antibodies against CD toxins A and B, are toxic to HeLa cells. Further studies are needed to determine the function of these cross-reacting proteins and the potential virulence factors that could be responsible for CI diarrheal disease.
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