ArticleJournal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA
Rates and correlates of medicine disposal program implementation at pharmacies in North Carolina: A longitudinal study, 2016-2021.
Article in Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Policy to Practice: Community Pharmacists' Self-Reported Counseling Role in Pharmaceutical Waste Management.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Bibliometric Analysis and Review of Global Academic Research on Drug Take-Back Programs.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Quantifying Antimicrobial Disposals at Six Community Pharmacies With Longitudinal Medication Disposal Programs: An Underappreciated Component of a One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Stewardship.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Implementation of Medication Disposal Programs and Availability of Same-Day Naloxone at Community Pharmacies: Protocol for a Secret Shopper Caller Approach.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Medication disposal within reach: Assessing implementation of permanent disposal receptacles in community pharmacies.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Perceptions of disposal options for unused opioid analgesics among people who have been prescribed an opioid analgesic in North Carolina.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2024Article
- Opioid use, prescribing patterns, and disposal after surgical procedures.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2024Article
- Drug disposal deserts: An assessment of receptacle availability in Kentucky community pharmacies.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUnused prescription opioids from family and friends continue to be the primary access point to prescription opioids for nonmedical use among youth. Implementation of medicine disposal boxes at pharmacies is one approach to facilitate removal of unused prescription opioids from the home to prevent diversion.
objectivesWe sought to examine the implementation rates of disposal boxes at pharmacies in North Carolina from 2016 to 2021 and place-based health disparities in availability.
methodsWe identified pharmacies with a disposal box in 2016, 2018, and 2021 among licensed pharmacies in North Carolina in 2018 (N = 2587). We computed descriptive statistics to describe disposal box implementation rates over time and used geographic information systems to identify spatial trends. We used separate logistic regression models in 2018 and 2021 to assess the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and the likelihood of a pharmacy implementing a disposal box.
resultsWe found an increase in disposal boxes over time with 43 pharmacies (1.7%) in 2016, 144 (5.6%) in 2018, and 350 (13.5%) in 2021 implementing a disposal box. In 2018, independent pharmacies were more likely than chains to have a disposal box. In 2021, medical-affiliated and pharmacies defined as "other" were less likely than chains to have a disposal box. In both 2018 and 2021, pharmacies in census tracts with a higher percentage of the population below the federal poverty line were more likely to have a disposal box. In 2021, pharmacies in tracts with a higher percentage of the population unemployed were less likely to have a disposal box. In 2018, pharmacies located in counties with a greater number of opioid overdose deaths were more likely to have a disposal box.
conclusionOur findings highlight the growth of disposal boxes in North Carolina over time and the potential for continued expansion to provide opportunities to prevent prescription opioid diversion.
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