ArticleJournal of biomedical optics2022
Damage integral and other predictive formulas for nonisothermal heating during laser exposure.
Article in Journal of biomedical optics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- LED-Modulated Plasmoporation for Highly Efficient Intracellular Cargo Delivery to Suspension Cells.Nano letters · 2026Article
- Strategic selection of multi-parametric laser settings and clinical endpoints in dermatology: an engineering-to-clinical review.Lasers in medical science · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
significancePhysics-based models supply simulated temperature rises to photothermal damage rate models and provide comprehensive risk assessments for laser-induced damage. As the physics-based models continue to be refined, the damage rate models have not advanced. This peculiar lack of improvement is counterintuitive considering the damage integral (Ω), originally derived for isothermal heating events, and fails to accurately represent the nonisothermal heating from short laser exposures.
aimDerive a nonisothermal form of the damage integral and predict more accurately the damage induced by short laser exposures, as well as identify the role of heating rate in laser damage. APPROACH: From first principles, we derived a version of the damage integral specific to the shape of thermal profiles rather than the square function provided by Arrhenius plots. We used previously published threshold thermal profiles, where all nonisothermal frequency factors (Anon) solved all Ωnon values to unity. Nonisothermal correction factors correct isothermal Aiso values.
resultsThe Ea values were identical for both the isothermal and nonisothermal conventions. Correction factor values for Ωiso ranged from 0.0 (20-s exposures at thermal steady state) to -0.93 (0.05-s exposures). Based on empirical results, we have derived a two-dimensional empirical formula that predicts the heating rate as a function of exposure duration and ambient temperature. Threshold peak temperatures (Tpthr) and threshold critical temperatures are mathematically determined without thermal profiles when appropriate Ea and Anon values are established.
conclusionsWe have identified a modified damage integral that does not rely on the Arrhenius plot and provides a value for the frequency factor (A) that accounts for the nonisothermal nature of short laser exposures. The method, validated in our in vitro retinal model, requires thermal profiles recorded under threshold conditions, such as at minimum visible lesions or the boundary of cell death. The method is a new option for laser damage modelers.
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