ArticleCancer immunology research2022
Hallmarks of Resistance to Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors.
Article in Cancer immunology research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune-Based Therapies in Pancreatic Cancer: a Systematic Review of Ongoing Clinical Trials (2020-2022).Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Assessing the impact of probiotics on immunotherapy effectiveness and antibiotic-mediated resistance in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- HPK1 inhibitor NDI-101150 as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors: Phase 1/2 trial results.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Trial
- LRP1b Loss Predicts Sensitivity to Immunotherapy in Patients with NSCLC: An Analysis of the Phase III CheckMate-026 Randomized Trial.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Trial
- Phase 1/2, open-label study of oral bacterial supplementation (EDP1503) plus pembrolizumab in participants with advanced or metastatic microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, and checkpoint inhibitor-relapsed tumors.Investigational new drugs · 2025Trial
- A phase II randomized trial of individualized neoantigen peptide vaccine combined with unusual radiotherapy (iNATURE) in advanced solid tumors-GCOG0028.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Overcoming Drug Resistance by Paclitaxel Resistance in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Decoding T cell exhaustion in the tumour microenvironment.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Phase I trial of a heat-conditioned tumor lysate vaccine (TRIMELVax) in anti-PD-1 refractory melanoma: safety and immunological aspects (NCT06556004).British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Review
- Neoadjuvant BO-112 and Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy with or without Nivolumab in Soft-Tissue Sarcoma: Preclinical and Phase I Results.Cancer discovery · 2026Article
- FLT3L-secreting cDC1 in situ vaccination enhances antitumor immunity and synergizes with PD-1 blockade in murine non-small cell lung cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Patient-derived three-dimensional lung tumor models to evaluate response to therapy.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- First-in-human, phase 1, open-label study of alomfilimab, an anti-ICOS antibody, as a single agent and in combination with anti-PD-L1 in advanced malignancies.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Dose optimization of immune checkpoint inhibitors for gastrointestinal malignancies.ESMO gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Review
- GFI1 enhances MHC-I expression in tumor cells and augments tumor responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Macrophage ALDH2 drives immunotherapy resistance by silencing CXCL9 through metabolic-epigenetic crosstalk.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Orchestration of B and T cells predicts prolonged survival after cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- Cuproptosis meets sonodynamics: a nanomedicine platform for multimodal cancer therapy.RSC advances · 2026Review
- The impact of PD-1 mutations on pembrolizumab binding: insights from molecular dynamics and MM-GBSA analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 16 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), although revolutionary in improving long-term survival outcomes, are mostly effective in patients with immune-responsive tumors. Most patients with cancer either do not respond to ICIs at all or experience disease progression after an initial period of response. Treatment resistance to ICIs remains a major challenge and defines the biggest unmet medical need in oncology worldwide. In a collaborative workshop, thought leaders from academic, biopharma, and nonprofit sectors convened to outline a resistance framework to support and guide future immune-resistance research. Here, we explore the initial part of our effort by collating seminal discoveries through the lens of known biological processes. We highlight eight biological processes and refer to them as immune resistance nodes. We examine the seminal discoveries that define each immune resistance node and pose critical questions, which, if answered, would greatly expand our notion of immune resistance. Ultimately, the expansion and application of this work calls for the integration of multiomic high-dimensional analyses from patient-level data to produce a map of resistance phenotypes that can be utilized to guide effective drug development and improved patient outcomes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.