ArticleNature genetics2022
Polygenic prediction of educational attainment within and between families from genome-wide association analyses in 3 million individuals.
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Article in Nature genetics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 431 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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431citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
116.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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Who cites it
431 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 660 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Genome-wide meta-analyses of non-response to antidepressants provide insights into underlying molecular genetics and suggest potential pharmacotherapies.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- A multi-cohort assessment of the polygenic prediction in ADHD treatment response.Psychiatry research · 2026Pooled it
- The genetics of cannabis lifetime use.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Dissecting Schizophrenia Biology Using Pleiotropy With Cognitive Genomics.Biological psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Genome-wide association meta-analysis and rare copy number variant analysis of treatment-resistant depression.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
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- Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at onset of walking in over 70,000 infants of European ancestry.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- Sex-stratified genome-wide meta-analysis identifies novel loci for cognitive decline in older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Pooled it
- Molecular genetic influences on sustained attention and executive processes and their links with psychopathology in the AFFECT study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Imputation of fluid intelligence scores reduces ascertainment bias and increases power for analyses of common and rare variants.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Student-teacher relationships as a mediator of children's education-linked genetics: results from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Effects of quetiapine on cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: evidence for the remyelination hypothesis?European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Article
- Genome-wide analysis of social behaviour across social domains, reporters and developmental stages: a meta-regression approach.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Genetics of Educational Attainment and Childhood Problem Behavior: Direct Genetic Effects, Cognitive Pathways, and Sex Differences.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Common genetic variants are associated with increased likelihood of latent co-occurring neurodevelopmental and mental health factors among autistic individuals.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Parsing the Functional Heterogeneity of the Psychosis Spectrum: A Clinically Informed Application of Genomic Structural Equation Modeling.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
371 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
40 authors at 20 institutions in 22 countries.
Aysu Okbay *Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. a.okbay@vu.nl.
Yeda WuInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Nancy WangNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Hariharan JayashankarNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Michael BennettNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0446-1029
Seyed Moeen NehzatiUCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Julia SidorenkoInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1494-6772
Hyeokmoon KweonDepartment of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Grant GoldmanNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Tamara GjorgjievaNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-3580
Yunxuan Jiang23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA.
Barry Hicks23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA.
Chao Tian23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA.
David A Hinds23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4911-803X
Rafael AhlskogDepartment of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Patrik K E MagnussonSwedish Twin Registry, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7315-7899
Sven OskarssonDepartment of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-2866
Caroline HaywardMRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9405-9550
Archie CampbellCentre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0198-5078
David J PorteousCentre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1249-6106
Jeremy FreeseDepartment of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Pamela HerdMcCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
23andMe Research Team
Social Science Genetic Association Consortium
Chelsea WatsonUCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Jonathan JalaUCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Dalton ConleyDepartment of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Philipp D KoellingerDepartment of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Magnus JohannessonDepartment of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.
David LaibsonDepartment of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Michelle N MeyerCenter for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.
James J LeeDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Augustine KongBig Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Loic YengoInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
David CesariniNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Patrick TurleyDepartment of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Peter M VisscherInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. peter.visscher@uq.edu.au.
Jonathan P BeauchampInterdisciplinary Center for Economic Science and Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
Daniel J BenjaminNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. daniel.benjamin@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2642-5416
Alexander I Young *UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA. alextisyoung@gmail.com.
23andMe (United States) · USUniversity Medical Center Groningen · NLThe University of Queensland · AUUniversity of Helsinki · FIUniversity of Minnesota · USErasmus MC · NLWestern General Hospital · GBFinnish Institute for Health and Welfare · FIMedical University of Graz · ATNational Bureau of Economic Research · USdeCODE Genetics (Iceland) · ISHarvard University · USUniversity of Copenhagen · DKWashington University in St. Louis · USHelmholtz Zentrum München · DERush University Medical Center · USUniversitätsmedizin Greifswald · DEUniversity of Edinburgh · GBUniversity of Leicester · GBUniversity of Michigan · US
Funding
SUPPLEMENT TO RUSH ALZHEIMERS DISEASE CENTER COREP30AG010161 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI LEURGANS, SUE E. · 1991 to 2020
$49.1MEPIDEMIOLOGY OF NEURAL RESERVE AND NEUROBIOLOGY IN AGINGR01AG017917 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 2001 to 2023
$43.3MRush Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterP30AG072975 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Lisa L Barnes, Julie A. Schneider · 2021 to 2026
$24.7MRISK FACTORS, PATHOLOGY, AND CLINICAL EXPRESSIONS OF ADR01AG015819 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 1998 to 2024
$21.4MStatistical methods for studies of rare variantsR01MH101244 · NIMH · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI Benjamin Michael Neale, ALKES L PRICE · 2013 to 2026
$9.4MCharacterizing the Behavior Profile of Healthy Cognitive AgingR01AG034374 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI PATRICIA A BOYLE · 2009 to 2026
$8.8M2/7 Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: Finding Actionable VariationU01MH109539 · NIMH · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI DALY, MARK JOSEPH · 2016 to 2020
$4.7MGenome-Wide Analyses of Health and Well-Being PhenotypesR01AG042568 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI BENJAMIN, DANIEL J · 2015 to 2021
$2.8MInfrastructure and Core Activities of the Social Science Genetic Association ConsortiumR24AG065184 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI BENJAMIN, DANIEL J · 2019 to 2023
$1.8MIdentifying gene-by-environment interplay in health behaviorR56AG058726 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI GALAMA, TITUS JOHANNES · 2020 to 2020
$842kGenome-Wide Analyses of Health and Well-Being PhenotypesR56AG042568 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI BENJAMIN, DANIEL J · 2018 to 2018
$803kGenome-wide analysis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease using intergenerational, multi-trait, and cross-ancestry dataR00AG062787 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI TURLEY, PATRICK ANSEL · 2021 to 2023
$747kMedical Research Council MC_UU_00007/10Medical Research Council MR/S019669/1NIA NIH HHS K99 AG062787NIA NIH HHS P30 AG010161NIA NIH HHS P30 AG072975NIA NIH HHS R00 AG062787NIA NIH HHS R01 AG015819NIA NIH HHS R01 AG017917NIA NIH HHS R01 AG034374NIA NIH HHS R01 AG042568NIA NIH HHS R24 AG065184NIA NIH HHS R56 AG042568NIA NIH HHS R56 AG058726NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH101244NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH109539
Abstract
We conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment (EA) in a sample of ~3 million individuals and identify 3,952 approximately uncorrelated genome-wide-significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A genome-wide polygenic predictor, or polygenic index (PGI), explains 12-16% of EA variance and contributes to risk prediction for ten diseases. Direct effects (i.e., controlling for parental PGIs) explain roughly half the PGI's magnitude of association with EA and other phenotypes. The correlation between mate-pair PGIs is far too large to be consistent with phenotypic assortment alone, implying additional assortment on PGI-associated factors. In an additional GWAS of dominance deviations from the additive model, we identify no genome-wide-significant SNPs, and a separate X-chromosome additive GWAS identifies 57.
Indexed as
Genome-Wide Association StudyMultifactorial InheritanceHumansPolymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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