ReviewNature2022
Defining the risk of SARS-CoV-2 variants on immune protection.
Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Nature, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
119citing papers in PubMed
18.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed, 179 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Loss-of-function mutation in Omicron variants reduces spike protein expression and attenuates SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Heavy-chain immune repertoire sequencing enables language-model prediction of antigen-specific antibodies.Research square · 2026Article
- Deep mutational scanning of recent SARS-CoV-2 variants highlights changing amino acid preferences within epistatic hotspot residues.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Increased contact transmission of contemporary Human H5N1 compared to Bovine and Mountain Lion H5N1 in a hamster model.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Nucleocapsid protein enhances spike- and RBD-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 variants: biology, pathogenicity, immunity and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Recombinant RBD-based subunit vaccines incorporating high-frequency mutation sites elicit cross-immunity and robust protection against SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Disruption of the nucleocapsid-RNA condensation by punicalagin is a broad-spectrum antiviral approach.Fundamental research · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 EndoU-ribonuclease regulates RNA recombination and impacts viral fitness.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Assay development and screening of inhibitors targeting the SARS-CoV-2 2'-O-methyltransferase NSP16.Pharmaceutical science advances · 2025Article
- Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- SpikeID: Rapid and unbiased identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants by spike sequencing.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2025Article
- The F1148 hydrophobic lock: A critical determinant of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated membrane fusion via the 3H/CH cavity.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Article
- The furin cleavage site is required for pathogenesis, but not transmission, of SARS-CoV-2.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Intrinsic immunogenicity is a major determinant of type-specific responses in SARS-CoV-2 infections.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Revolution of AAV in Drug Discovery: From Delivery System to Clinical Application.Journal of medical virology · 2025Review
- Review
- The furin cleavage site is required for pathogenesis, but not transmission of SARS-CoV-2.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
130 authors at 20 institutions in 6 countries.
Marciela M DeGrace *National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Elodie Ghedin *National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1515-725X
Matthew B Frieman *Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0107-0775
Florian Krammer *Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. florian.krammer@mssm.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4121-776X
Alba Grifoni *Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-5966
Arghavan AlisoltaniUniversity of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA.
Galit AlterRagon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7680-9215
Rama R AmaraDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6309-6797
Ralph S BaricDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-8701
Dan H BarouchCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5127-4659
Jesse D BloomFred Hutch Cancer Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1267-3408
Louis-Marie BloyetDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5648-3190
Gaston BonenfantCDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Adrianus C M BoonDepartment of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4700-8224
Eli A BoritzNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Debbie L BrattNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5822-5558
Traci L BrickerDepartment of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
Liliana BrownNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
William J BuchserHigh Throughput Screening Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6675-6359
Juan Manuel CarreñoDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Liel Cohen-LaviNational Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6909-4779
Tamarand L DarlingDepartment of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
Meredith E Davis-GardnerCenter for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Bethany L DearloveUS Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3653-4592
Han DiCDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Meike DittmannMicrobiology Department, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Nicole A Doria-RoseNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Daniel C DouekNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Christian DrostenInstitute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-0519
Venkata-Viswanadh EdaraCenter for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9321-7839
Ali EllebedyDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6129-2532
Thomas P FabrizioDepartment of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8960-0728
Guido FerrariDepartment of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
Will M FischerLos Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
William C FlorenceNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Ron A M FouchierDepartment Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8095-2869
John FranksDepartment of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Adolfo García-SastreDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-1827
Adam GodzikUniversity of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2425-852X
Ana Silvia Gonzalez-ReicheDepartment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-4497
Aubree GordonDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-7877
Bart L HaagmansDepartment Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6221-2015
Peter J HalfmannInfluenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
David D HoAaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-149X
Michael R HolbrookNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Integrated Research Facility, Frederick, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0824-2667
Yaoxing HuangAaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6270-1644
Sarah L JamesCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6969-1167
Lukasz JaroszewskiUniversity of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA.
Trushar JeevanDepartment of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Robert M JohnsonCenter for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1976-7688
Terry C JonesInstitute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1120-9531
Astha JoshiDepartment of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-8228
Yoshihiro KawaokaInfluenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-8296
Lisa KercherDepartment of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6300-0452
Marion P G KoopmansDepartment Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-2312
Bette KorberLos Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2026-5757
Eilay KorenNational Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.
Richard A KoupNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Eric B LeGresleyCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5286-5693
Jacob E LemieuxBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.
Mariel J LiebeskindHigh Throughput Screening Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4595-0651
Zhuoming LiuDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8198-0976
Brandi LivingstonDepartment of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
James P LogueCenter for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-9741
Yang LuoAaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-8792
Adrian B McDermottNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0616-9117
Margaret J McElrathFred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Victoria A MeliopoulosDepartment of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1442-9177
Vineet D MenacheryDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8803-7606
David C MontefioriDuke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
Barbara MühlemannInstitute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany.
Vincent J MunsterLaboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2288-3196
Jenny E MuntDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Manoj S NairAaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5994-3957
Antonia NetzlCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8034-2382
Anna M NiewiadomskaDepartment of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Sijy O'DellNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Andrew PekoszDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3248-1761
Stanley PerlmanDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4213-2354
Marjorie C PontelliDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
Barry RockxDepartment Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2463-027X
Morgane RollandUS Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3650-8490
Paul W RothlaufDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0941-4467
Sinai SacharenNational Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.
Richard H ScheuermannDepartment of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-892X
Stephen D SchmidtNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Michael SchotsaertDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3156-3132
Stacey Schultz-CherryDepartment of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2021-727X
Robert A SederNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3133-0849
Mayya SedovaUniversity of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA.
Alessandro SetteCenter for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Reed S ShabmanNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-3484
Xiaoying ShenDepartment of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
Pei-Yong ShiDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-1616
Maulik ShuklaUniversity of Chicago Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Viviana SimonDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6416-5096
Spencer StumpfDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
Nancy J SullivanNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Larissa B ThackrayDepartment of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9380-6569
James TheilerLos Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
Paul G ThomasDepartment of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7955-0256
Sanja TrifkovicDepartment of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0710-9514
Sina TüreliCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7342-9295
Samuel A TurnerCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Maria A VakakiHigh Throughput Screening Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
Harm van BakelDepartment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-6916
Laura A VanBlarganDepartment of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8922-8946
Leah R VincentNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9262-1813
Zachary S WallaceDepartment of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-501X
Li WangCDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Maple WangAaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
Pengfei WangAaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-7652
Wei WangCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Scott C WeaverDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-8556
Richard J WebbyDepartment of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4397-7132
Carol D WeissCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-1289
David E WentworthCDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5190-980X
Stuart M WestonCenter for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9840-2953
Sean P J WhelanDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1564-8590
Bradley M WhitenerDepartment of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-0701
Samuel H WilksCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Xuping XieDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0918-016X
Baoling YingDepartment of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
Hyejin YoonLos Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3344-9096
Bin ZhouCDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Tomer HertzDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel. thertz@bgu.ac.il.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-1578
Derek J SmithCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. djs200@cam.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2393-1890
Michael S DiamondDepartment of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA. mdiamond@wustl.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-3165
Diane J PostNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA. postd@niaid.nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3890-9116
Mehul S SutharCenter for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. mehul.s.suthar@emory.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2686-8380
National Institutes of Health · USWashington University in St. Louis · USSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital · USUniversity of Cambridge · GBIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai · USAaron Diamond AIDS Research Center · USCenters for Disease Control and Prevention · USBen-Gurion University of the Negev · ILEmory University · USErasmus MC · NLLos Alamos National Laboratory · USThe University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston · USUniversity of California, Riverside · USUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore · USDuke Medical Center · USHigh Throughput Biology (United States) · USJ. Craig Venter Institute · USCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research · USHenry M. Jackson Foundation · USLa Jolla Institute for Immunology · US
Funding
WORK ORDER 126643 B539 EXPAND IC SUITE75N91019D00024 · NIAID · LEIDOS BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, INC. · PI BRISCOE, LYNN · 2019 to 2025
$3932.6MLC: HIV Vaccine Trials NetworkUM1AI068618 · NIAID · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI Margaret Juliana McElrath · 2011 to 2026
$483.6MYerkes National Primate Research Center Role of type-I IFN in regulating COVID-19 induced inflammation and pathogenesisP51OD011132 · OD · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Joon Sup Lee · 2012 to 2026
$167.0M COLLABORATIVE INFLUENZA VACCINE INNOVATION CENTER: UNIVERSAL INFLUENZA VACCINE RESEARCH75N93019C00051 · NIAID · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI KRAMMER, FLORIAN · 2019 to 2025
$105.4MNIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00016 · NIAID · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI WEBBY, RICHARD · 2021 to 2025
$91.4MVACCINE INDUCED IMMUNITY IN THE YOUNG AND AGEDU19AI057266 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Rafi Ahmed · 2003 to 2026
$81.7MCOVID Supplement - COMPONENT A OF THE COLLABORATIVE INFLUENZA VACCINE INNOVATION CENTERS (CIVICS) PROGRAM TO DESIGN AND EVALUATE INNOVATIVE INFLUENZA VACCINE APPROACHES,75N93019C00052 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA · PI ROSS, TED · 2019 to 2025
$74.6MCollaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVICs): Component A: Vaccine Center75N93019C00050 · NIAID · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI MOODY, TONY · 2019 to 2025
$69.1MNIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00014 · NIAID · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI GARCIA-SASTRE, ADOLFO · 2021 to 2025
$62.6MHousehold Respiratory Virus SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Immunity Sub-Study (HRTS)U01AI144616 · NIAID · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI GORDON, AUBREE L, THOMAS, PAUL G. · 2019 to 2025
$43.7MBIOINFORMATICS RESOURCE CENTERS FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES: SARS-CoV-2 ACTIVITIES75N93019C00076 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · PI STEVENS, RICK · 2019 to 2023
$32.6MTechnology CoreU19AI135995 · NIAID · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI Bryan Briney · 2018 to 2026
$32.0MHoward Hughes Medical InstituteIntramural NIH HHS ZIA AI005156Medical Research Council MR/V007025/1NCI NIH HHS 75N91019D00024NCI NIH HHS U01 CA260476NIAID NIH HHS 75N93019C00050NIAID NIH HHS 75N93019C00051NIAID NIH HHS 75N93019C00052NIAID NIH HHS 75N93019C00076NIAID NIH HHS 75N93019D00025NIAID NIH HHS 75N93021C00014NIAID NIH HHS 75N93021C00016NIAID NIH HHS 75N93021C00017NIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201400006CNIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201400007CNIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201400008CNIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201700060CNIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201800013CNIAID NIH HHS P01 AI060699NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI158571NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI042790NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI120997NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI129269NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI134907NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI136514NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI141707NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI143639NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI146785NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI148378NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI153602NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI154470NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI157155NIAID NIH HHS R24 AI120942NIAID NIH HHS R37 AI080289NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007524NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI141990NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI144616NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI150747NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI151810NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI057266NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI135995NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI068618NIH HHS P51 OD011132NIH HHS S10 OD026880NIH HHS S10 OD030463
Abstract
The global emergence of many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants jeopardizes the protective antiviral immunity induced after infection or vaccination. To address the public health threat caused by the increasing SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases within the National Institutes of Health established the SARS-CoV-2 Assessment of Viral Evolution (SAVE) programme. This effort was designed to provide a real-time risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 variants that could potentially affect the transmission, virulence, and resistance to infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. The SAVE programme is a critical data-generating component of the US Government SARS-CoV-2 Interagency Group to assess implications of SARS-CoV-2 variants on diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics, and for communicating public health risk. Here we describe the coordinated approach used to identify and curate data about emerging variants, their impact on immunity and effects on vaccine protection using animal models. We report the development of reagents, methodologies, models and notable findings facilitated by this collaborative approach and identify future challenges. This programme is a template for the response to rapidly evolving pathogens with pandemic potential by monitoring viral evolution in the human population to identify variants that could reduce the effectiveness of countermeasures.
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COVID-19SARS-CoV-2AnimalsBiological EvolutionCOVID-19 VaccinesHumansNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.)PandemicsPharmacogenomic VariantsUnited StatesVirulenceCOVID-19 Vaccines
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.