ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2022
CAR race to cancer immunotherapy: from CAR T, CAR NK to CAR macrophage therapy.
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 429 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
429 citing papers in PubMed, 603 citations in OpenAlex.
- In vivo immune cell engineering from bench to clinical reality.Pharmaceutical science advances · 2026Review
- Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: current and emerging therapeutic strategies.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Ferroptosis in cancer: molecular mechanisms, biological roles, and therapeutic significance.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Next-generation CAR-T cell therapy against cancer: precision engineering, programmable immunity, and emerging clinical frontiers.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- B Cells and Tumor Immunometabolism: Emerging Insights into Immune Regulation and Therapeutic Resistance.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- CAR design equips diverse immune cells with unique antigen-specific activation identities.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Bioengineered cell therapies for pediatric solid tumors: unmet needs and a measurement-integrated approach.Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England) · 2026Review
- Genomic landscape and tumor immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma: Bridging mechanistic insights to precision therapeutics.Bone reports · 2026Review
- Nanomaterial Strategies for Pulmonary Delivery of Immunotherapeutics in Lung Cancer Treatment.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Chimeric antigen receptor-macrophages: A new paradigm for cell therapy.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Review
- 25 Years of Cancer Immunoediting: Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Filled the Missing Gap.Cancers · 2026Review
- Harnessing macrophage signaling pathways and scalable engineering for next-generation immunotherapies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Menaquinone-4 protects CD8Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Nanomaterials Drive In Vivo CAR Immune Cells Engineering.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Risk Factors of Disseminated Tumor Cells in the Bone Marrow of Patients With Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma and Their Impact on Prognosis.International journal of laboratory hematology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms, optimization strategies, and salvage options for CAR-T cell therapy.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Advances and prospects in cell therapy for cancer: explorations from T cells to stem cells.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Immune Cell-Based Therapies for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Latest Advancements and Directions.Cancers · 2026Review
- The dual balance of the cytokine network: key messengers of immune activation and triggers of cytokine storm.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Cell surface GRP78 and the UPR pathway as novel promising therapeutic targets in cancer: an insight into the treatment of acute leukemia by using GRP78-CART cells.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
369 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapy has made tremendous progress with five CAR T therapies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for hematological malignancies. However, CAR immunotherapy in solid tumors lags significantly behind. Some of the major hurdles for CAR immunotherapy in solid tumors include CAR T cell manufacturing, lack of tumor-specific antigens, inefficient CAR T cell trafficking and infiltration into tumor sites, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), therapy-associated toxicity, and antigen escape. CAR Natural Killer (NK) cells have several advantages over CAR T cells as the NK cells can be manufactured from pre-existing cell lines or allogeneic NK cells with unmatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC); can kill cancer cells through both CAR-dependent and CAR-independent pathways; and have less toxicity, especially cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity. At least one clinical trial showed the efficacy and tolerability of CAR NK cell therapy. Macrophages can efficiently infiltrate into tumors, are major immune regulators and abundantly present in TME. The immunosuppressive M2 macrophages are at least as efficient as the proinflammatory M1 macrophages in phagocytosis of target cells; and M2 macrophages can be induced to differentiate to the M1 phenotype. Consequently, there is significant interest in developing CAR macrophages for cancer immunotherapy to overcome some major hurdles associated with CAR T/NK therapy, especially in solid tumors. Nevertheless, both CAR NK and CAR macrophages have their own limitations. This comprehensive review article will discuss the current status and the major hurdles associated with CAR T and CAR NK therapy, followed by the structure and cutting-edge research of developing CAR macrophages as cancer-specific phagocytes, antigen presenters, immunostimulators, and TME modifiers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.