ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Long-Term Changes of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals on Suppressive Three-Drug or Two-Drug Antiretroviral Regimens.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal changes in plasma biomarkers of immune activation, neuronal inflammation and injury in persons with HIV initiating ART.HIV medicine · 2026Trial
- Comparable Inflammatory and Metabolic Outcomes After Switching to Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Continuing Dolutegravir/Lamivudine in Virologically Suppressed Adults With HIV (INSTINCT/GESIDA10918 Study).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Trial
- Two or Three? Clinical and Proteomic Perspectives on Dolutegravir/Lamivudine Versus Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide as Initial HIV Treatment.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Impact of Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine as First-line Antiretroviral Treatment on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoir and Inflammatory Markers in Peripheral Blood.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Long-term effects on immunological, inflammatory markers, and HIV-1 reservoir after switching to a two-drug versus maintaining a three-drug regimen based on integrase inhibitors.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Evaluating immunological and inflammatory changes of treatment-experienced people living with HIV switching from first-line triple cART regimens to DTG/3TCFrontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Inflammatory responses in HIV-1 genetic subtypes in relationship with anti-retroviral drug resistance in Minna, Niger State, North Central Nigeria.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- IL-18 and MIG increase one year after transition to dolutegravir-based dual therapy despite sustained viral suppression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Dynamics of virological suppression and systemic immune-inflammatory response following antiretroviral therapy in pediatric HIV infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Risk of clinical events in virologically suppressed people with HIV switching to a two-drug regimen vs. remaining on a three-drug regimen: a target trial emulation.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Very-Low-Level Viremia, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Associated Baseline Variables: Three-Year Results of the Randomized TANGO Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Beyond Undetectable: Modeling the Clinical Benefit of Improved Antiretroviral Adherence in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus With Virologic Suppression.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Inflammatory Markers after Switching to a Dual Drug Regimen in HIV-Infected Subjects: A Two-Year Follow-Up.Viruses · 2022Article
- Translating the observed differences in interleukin-6 levels between some antiretroviral regimens into potential long-term risk of serious non-AIDS events: A modeling study.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Response to Commentary: Long-term Changes of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals on Suppressive Three-Drug or Two-Drug Antiretroviral Regimens.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Commentary: Long-Term Changes of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals on Suppressive Three-Drug or Two-Drug Antiretroviral Regimens.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 11 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Because inflammation is associated with mortality and has been linked to HIV transcription in lymphoid tissues during ART, it is necessary to address the long-term effects of switching 3-drug (3DR) to 2-drug regimens (2DR) on inflammation. Methods: Nested study in the Spanish AIDS Research Network. We selected PWH ART-naive initiating 3DR who achieved viral suppression in the first 48 weeks and either remained on 3DR or switched to 2DR (3TC+bPI; 3TC+DTG; DTG+RPV). We assessed the trajectories on inflammatory markers during ART using multivariate piecewise mixed models. Results: We analyzed 619 plasma samples from 148 patients (3DR, N=90; 2DR, N=58), the median follow-up was 4.6 (IQR 3.2-6.2) years. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between groups. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients with 3DR experienced a slow decline of IL6, hs-CRP, sCD14, sCD163, and D-dimer over time. In contrast, compared to 3DR, switching to 2DR was associated with increases in IL-6 (p=0.001), hs-CRP (p=0.003), and D-dimer (p=0.001) after year 3 from virologic suppression. 2DR was associated with a higher risk of hs-CRP quartile increase (aOR 3.3, 95%CI 1.1-10) and D-dimer quartile increase (aOR 3.7, 95%CI 1.1-13). The adjusted biomarker trajectories did not reveal a distinct pattern according to the type of 2DR used (bPI Conclusions: In this study in virally suppressed individuals, maintaining 3DR was associated with a more favorable long-term inflammatory profile than switching to 2DR. The potential clinical implications of these findings on the development of non-AIDS events deserve further investigation.
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