ArticleBMJ open respiratory research2022
Dysfunctional breathing diagnosed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in 'long COVID' patients with persistent dyspnoea.
Article in BMJ open respiratory research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Post-COVID syndrome in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh: a systematic narrative review of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and healthcare system responses.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Measurement properties of outcome measurement instruments for pediatric dysfunctional breathing: a systematic review.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025Pooled it
- Use of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Evaluate Long COVID-19 Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Pulmonary function and chest computed tomography abnormalities 6-12 months after recovery from COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Respiratory research · 2022Pooled it
- Evaluation of long-term sequelae by cardiopulmonary exercise testing 12 months after hospitalization for severe COVID-19.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Trial
- Effects of a concurrent training, respiratory muscle exercise, and self-management recommendations on recovery from post-COVID-19 conditions: the RECOVE trial.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Trial
- Post COVID REspiratory mechanisms and the efficacy of a breathing exercise intervention for DYsregulated breathing (Remedy): A feasibility RCT study.Chronic respiratory diseaseTrial
- Using hyperpolarised xenon magnetic resonance imaging to explore breathlessness in long COVID: results from the EXPLAIN study.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Long-Term Respiratory Outcomes in Pediatric Patients Following COVID-19 Infection and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C).Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Symptom burden, lung function, exercise tolerance and inflammation in patients post COVID-19: results from the prospective COVID-19 Chronic Morbidity (CCHROMO) study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Living with breathing pattern disorder: a scoping review.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Impact of Post-COVID Syndrome on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Psychological Well-Being, and Quality of Life in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.Pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- A retrospective study on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cardiopulmonary function in a healthy Chinese cohort: a focus on "long COVID".Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- An objective method to detect sighs during cardio-pulmonary exercise testing.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Predictability of breathing parameters during cardiopulmonary exercise testing using entropy measurements.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Characterization of dysfunctional breathing using cardiopulmonary exercise testing.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Characterising dysfunctional breathing seen in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 using approximate entropy.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- A Review on Long COVID Screening: Challenges and Perspectives Focusing on Exhaled Breath Gas Sensing.ACS sensors · 2025Review
- Comparing methods to measure the dispersion of breathing parameters during exercise testing: A simulation study based on real-life parameters from patients with dysfunctional breathing.Physiological reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background'Long COVID'-associated dyspnoea may persist for months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among the causes of persistent dyspnoea, dysfunctional breathing (DB), defined as an erratic or inappropriate ventilation at rest or exercise, has been observed, but little is known about its occurrence and pathophysiology among individuals with 'long COVID'. We aimed to describe the occurrence and identify clinical predictors of DB among patients following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
methodsCardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) was performed in 51 SARS-CoV-2 patients (median age, 64 years (IQR, 15)); male, 66.7%) living with 'long COVID' and persistent dyspnoea. CPET was classified into three dominant patterns: respiratory limitation with gas exchange abnormalities (RL); normal CPET or O
resultsAmong 51 patients, DB mostly without hyperventilation was found in 29.4% (n=15), RL in 54.9% (n=28) and D in 15.7% (n=8). When compared with RL individuals, patients with DB were younger, had significantly less severe initial infection, a better transfer capacity for carbon monoxide (median 85% (IQR, 28)), higher oxygen consumption (22.9 mL/min/kg (IQR, 5.5)), a better ventilatory efficiency slope (31.6 (IQR, 12.8)), and a higher SpO
conclusionsOur findings suggest that DB without hyperventilation could be an important pathophysiological mechanism of disabling dyspnoea in younger outpatients following SARS-CoV-2 infection, which appears to be a feature of COVID-19 not described in other viral diseases.
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