ArticleBMC medicine2022
Immune responses in the irritable bowel syndromes: time to consider the small intestine.
Article in BMC medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serological and faecal markers of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EBioMedicine · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of preclinical studies targeted toward the management of co-existing functional gastrointestinal disorders, stress, and gut dysbiosis.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and dose response ofWorld journal of gastroenterology · 2023Trial
- Pathophysiology-driven use of natural products in irritable bowel syndrome: a review.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Bacillus spore probiotics for alleviating functional constipation in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Elevated fecal calprotectin values appear more common following esophagogastric than colon surgery.Journal of surgical case reports · 2026Article
- Unveiling the aging-immune axis in irritable bowel syndrome: a multi-omics and machine learning approach to biomarker discovery and validation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Low-Grade Inflammation: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Drug Targets in Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Gut microbial dysbiosis associated to diarrheic irritable bowel syndrome can be efficiently simulated in the Mucosal ARtificial COLon (M-ARCOL).Bioengineered · 2025Article
- Article
- Unraveling the Pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Mechanisms and Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Gpr37 modulates the severity of inflammation-induced GI dysmotility by regulating enteric reactive gliosis.iScience · 2025Article
- Gut feeling gone wrong: Tangled relationship between disorders of gut-brain interaction and liver disease.World journal of hepatology · 2025Review
- The Role of Bacteria-Derived Hydrogen Sulfide in Multiple Axes of Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The role of the gut microbiome in disorders of gut-brain interaction.The FEBS journal · 2025Review
- The Role and the Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Gut microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: a narrative review of mechanisms and microbiome-based therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Blastocystis hominis; Friend or Foe.Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is considered a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), presenting as chronic abdominal pain and altered defaecation. Symptoms are often food related. Much work in the field has focused on identifying physiological, immune and microbial abnormalities in the colon of patients; however, evidence of small intestinal immune activation and microbial imbalance has been reported in small studies. The significance of such findings has been largely underappreciated despite a growing body of work implicating small intestinal homeostatic imbalance in the pathogenesis of DGBIs. MAIN TEXT: Small intestinal mechanosensation is a characteristic feature of IBS. Furthermore, altered small intestinal barrier functions have been demonstrated in IBS patients with the diarrhoea-predominant subtype. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and increased populations of small intestinal mast cells are frequently associated with IBS, implicating microbial imbalance and low-grade inflammation in the pathogenesis of IBS. Furthermore, reports of localised food hypersensitivity responses in IBS patients implicate the small intestine as the site of immune-microbial-food interactions.
conclusionsGiven the association of IBS symptoms with food intake in a large proportion of patients and the emerging evidence of immune activation in these patients, the current literature suggests the pathogenesis of IBS is not limited to the colon but rather may involve dysfunction of the entire intestinal tract. It remains unclear if regional variation in IBS pathology explains the various symptom phenotypes and further work should consider the intestinal tract as a whole to answer this question.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.