ReviewImmunity, inflammation and disease2022
Oral and intranasal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Current progress, prospects, advantages, and challenges.
Review in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- mRNA Vaccines for Influenza: Hope for a Universal Vaccine?BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- An intramuscular prime-intranasal boost strategy for mRNA-LNP vaccine induces mucosal immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in murine model.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Intranasal replicon vaccine establishes mucosal immunity and protects against H5N1 and H7N9 influenza.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mucosal Immunity: The Key to Combating Enteroviruses and Beyond.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Recent Advancements in Non-Invasive Vaccination Strategies.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Intranasal replicon SARS-CoV-2 vaccine produces protective respiratory and systemic immunity and prevents viral transmission.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Review
- Multi-Target Peptide Nanofiber Immunotherapy Diminishes Complement Anaphylatoxin Activity in Acute Inflammation.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Effect of Fusion to the LTB Carrier Protein on Coronavirus Spike Protein Vaccine Candidates Produced in Maize.Viruses · 2024Article
- From intramuscular to nasal: unleashing the potential of nasal spray vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019.Clinical & translational immunology · 2024Review
- Infection- or AZD1222 vaccine-mediated immunity reduces SARS-CoV-2 transmission but increases Omicron competitiveness in hamsters.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Practical Considerations for Next-Generation Adjuvant Development and Translation.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Baculovirus-expressed self-assembling SARS-CoV-2 nanoparticle vaccines targeting the S protein induce protective immunity in mice.Process biochemistry (Barking, London, England) · 2023Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2: Immunity, Challenges with Current Vaccines, and a Novel Perspective on Mucosal Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Review
- COVID-19 and Diarylamidines: The Parasitic Connection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- Alterations in the gut microbiome and its metabolites are associated with the immune response to mucosal immunization withFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a deadly pandemic in the 21st century, resulting in many deaths, economic loss, and international immobility. Vaccination represents the only mechanism to defeat this virus. Several intramuscular vaccines have been approved and are currently used worldwide. MAIN BODY: However, global mass vaccination has not been achieved owing to several limitations, including the need for expertise to administer the injection-based vaccine, improper distribution of the vaccine, and lack of cold chain facilities, particularly in resource-poor, low-income countries. Mucosal vaccines are typically administered either orally or nasally, and several studies have shown promising results for developing these vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 that might serve as viable alternatives to current vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 invades the human body via oral and nasal mucosal surfaces; thus, an oral or nasal vaccine can trigger the immune system to inhibit the virus at the mucosal level, preventing further transmission via a strong mucosal and systematic immune response. Although several approaches toward developing a mucosal vaccine are currently being tested, additional attention is required.
conclusionIn this article, the current approaches used to develop effective oral and nasal mucosal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and their benefits, prospects, and challenges have been summarized.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.