ArticlePloS one2022
Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- How does nitrogen application impact soil respiration and CHRoyal Society open science · 2026Article
- Zero-deforestation commitments in Indonesia's palm oil sector achieve high compliance but no additionality.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Graph-based pan-genome reveals structural and functional diversity across oil palm domestication gradients.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Global patterns of commodity-driven deforestation and associated carbon emissions.Nature food · 2026Article
- Article
- Rubber planting and deforestation.Nature · 2025Article
- Pressure on Global Forests: Implications of Rising Vegetable Oils Consumption Under the EAT-Lancet Diet.Global change biology · 2025Article
- Sustainable palm oil certification inadvertently affects production efficiency in Malaysia.Communications earth & environment · 2025Article
- Land in limbo: Nearly one third of Indonesia's cleared old-growth forests left idle.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- A labelled dataset to classify direct deforestation drivers from Earth Observation imagery in Cameroon.Scientific data · 2024Article
- Time-series analysis of satellite imagery for detecting vegetation cover changes in Indonesia.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Safeguarding Imperiled Biodiversity and Evolutionary Processes in the Wallacea Center of Endemism.Bioscience · 2022Review
- Coronavirus, macroeconomy, and forests: What likely impacts?Forest policy and economics · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Much concern about tropical deforestation focuses on oil palm plantations, but their impacts remain poorly quantified. Using nation-wide interpretation of satellite imagery, and sample-based error calibration, we estimated the impact of large-scale (industrial) and smallholder oil palm plantations on natural old-growth ("primary") forests from 2001 to 2019 in Indonesia, the world's largest palm oil producer. Over nineteen years, the area mapped under oil palm doubled, reaching 16.24 Mha in 2019 (64% industrial; 36% smallholder), more than the official estimates of 14.72 Mha. The forest area declined by 11% (9.79 Mha), including 32% (3.09 Mha) ultimately converted into oil palm, and 29% (2.85 Mha) cleared and converted in the same year. Industrial plantations replaced more forest than detected smallholder plantings (2.13 Mha vs 0.72 Mha). New plantations peaked in 2009 and 2012 and declined thereafter. Expansion of industrial plantations and forest loss were correlated with palm oil prices. A price decline of 1% was associated with a 1.08% decrease in new industrial plantations and with a 0.68% decrease of forest loss. Deforestation fell below pre-2004 levels in 2017-2019 providing an opportunity to focus on sustainable management. As the price of palm oil has doubled since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, effective regulation is key to minimising future forest conversion.
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