ArticlePloS one2022
Disparities in COVID-19 fatalities among working Californians.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Ambient Air Pollution and COVID-19 in California.Research report (Health Effects Institute) · 2026Article
- Mortality of American Indian and Alaska Native workers by occupation and industry, 2020-2022.Journal of safety research · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection risk by non-healthcare occupations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) · 2025Review
- Extending a COVID-19 Job Exposure Matrix: The SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 Job Exposure Matrix Module (SCoVJEM Module) for Population-Based Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Occupational risks of COVID-19: a case-cohort study using health insurance claims data in Germany.BMC public health · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence by industry, workplace characteristics, and workplace infection prevention and control measures, North Carolina, USA, 2021 to 2022.Annals of work exposures and health · 2024Article
- Occupation and COVID-19: Lessons From the Pandemic.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2024Article
- Demographic changes in COVID-19 mortality during the pandemic: analysis of trends in disparities among workers using California's mortality surveillance system.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Black and Hispanic Americans' Work Outcomes: a Scoping Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Work Matters: Mainstreaming Worker Health and Safety Is Not Limited to Pandemic Response.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Evaluating COVID-19 Risk to Essential Workers by Occupational Group: A Case Study in Massachusetts.Journal of community health · 2024Article
- Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake, attitudes, and experiences between food system and non-food system essential workers.Journal of agriculture, food systems, and community development · 2024Article
- Occupational Contributions to Respiratory Health Disparities.Clinics in chest medicine · 2023Review
- Occupational COVID-19 Exposures and Illnesses among Workers in California-Analysis of a New Occupational COVID-19 Surveillance System.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Risk by Workers' Occupation and Industry in the United States, 2020‒2021.American journal of public health · 2023Article
- Encouraging and Reinforcing Safe Breastfeeding Practices during the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Increases in Prevalent Depressed Mood and Suicidal Ideation among Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic-Findings from the California Health Interview Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Outbreaks and Mortality Among Public Transportation Workers - California, January 2020-May 2022.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2022Article
- Air Pollution as a Risk for Death from Infectious Respiratory Disease.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInformation on U.S. COVID-19 mortality rates by occupation is limited. We aimed to characterize 2020 COVID-19 fatalities among working Californians to inform preventive strategies.
methodsWe identified laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 fatalities with dates of death in 2020 by matching death certificates to the state's COVID-19 case registry. Working status for decedents aged 18-64 years was determined from state employment records, death certificates, and case registry data and classified as "confirmed working," "likely working," or "not working." We calculated age-adjusted overall and occupation-specific COVID-19 mortality rates using 2019 American Community Survey denominators.
resultsCOVID-19 accounted for 8,050 (9.9%) of 81,468 fatalities among Californians 18-64 years old. Of these decedents, 2,486 (30.9%) were matched to state employment records and classified as "confirmed working." The remainder were classified as "likely working" (n = 4,121 [51.2%]) or "not working" (n = 1,443 [17.9%]) using death certificate and case registry data. Confirmed and likely working COVID-19 decedents were predominantly male (76.3%), Latino (68.7%), and foreign-born (59.6%), with high school or less education (67.9%); 7.8% were Black. The overall age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rate was 30.0 per 100,000 workers (95% confidence interval [CI], 29.3-30.8). Workers in nine occupational groups had age-adjusted mortality rates higher than this overall rate, including those in farming (78.0; 95% CI, 68.7-88.2); material moving (77.8; 95% CI, 70.2-85.9); construction (62.4; 95% CI, 57.7-67.4); production (60.2; 95% CI, 55.7-65.0); and transportation (57.2; 95% CI, 52.2-62.5) occupations. While occupational differences in mortality were evident across demographic groups, mortality rates were three-fold higher for male compared with female workers and three- to seven-fold higher for Latino and Black workers compared with Asian and White workers.
conclusionCalifornians in manual labor and in-person service occupations experienced disproportionate COVID-19 mortality, with the highest rates observed among male, Latino, and Black workers; these occupational group should be prioritized for prevention.
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