ArticleNature communications2022
Modeling of waning immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and influencing factors.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers.
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Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed.
- Use of the test-negative design to estimate the protective effect of a scalar immune measure: a simulation analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Factors influencing the COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Ukrainian refugees in Poland: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Quantification of the IgG antibody response half-life for hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody persistence using LFIC: a prevalence study after booster doses.BMC public health · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection during pregnancy preferentially elicits IgG4 response and enhanced placental-transfer.Vaccine · 2025Article
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- Identification of Clinical and Genomic Features Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections.Viruses · 2025Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and Risk Factors of Booster Failure in 480,000 Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Review
- Nucleocapsid Antibodies as an Optimal Serological Marker of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Longitudinal Study at the Thomayer University Hospital.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2025Article
- Rethinking Optimal Immunogens to Face SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Through Vaccination.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Review
- Impact of exposure frequency on disease burden of the common cold - A mathematical modeling perspective.PloS one · 2025Article
- Personalized prediction of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immunity after boost: a longitudinal analysis using joint modeling.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients and vaccinated controls: a multicentre study.Journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Tissue-resident memory T cells contribute to protection against heterologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Comparison of different T cell assays for the retrospective determination of SARS-CoV-2 infection.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Immunization Index in the Academic Community: A Retrospective Post-Vaccination Study.Infectious disease reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Vaccine responses and hybrid immunity in people living with HIV after SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- A Population-Based Study of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody Responses to Vaccination in Manitoba.Vaccines · 2024Article
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
23 authors.
Funding
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are crucial in controlling COVID-19, but knowledge of which factors determine waning immunity is limited. We examined antibody levels and T-cell gamma-interferon release after two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine or a combination of ChAdOx1-nCoV19 and BNT162b2 vaccines for up to 230 days after the first dose. Generalized mixed models with and without natural cubic splines were used to determine immunity over time. Antibody responses were influenced by natural infection, sex, and age. IgA only became significant in naturally infected. A one-year IgG projection suggested an initial two-phase response in those given the second dose delayed (ChAdOx1/BNT162b2) followed by a more rapid decrease of antibody levels. T-cell responses correlated significantly with IgG antibody responses. Our results indicate that IgG levels will drop at different rates depending on prior infection, age, sex, T-cell response, and the interval between vaccine injections. Only natural infection mounted a significant and lasting IgA response.
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