ArticleJournal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR2022
Impact of Chemoembolic Regimen on Immune Cell Recruitment and Immune Checkpoint Marker Expression following Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization in a VX2 Rabbit Liver Tumor Model.
Article in Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacokinetics and anti-tumor efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization using small-particle lenvatinib-loaded beads in a rabbit VX2 liver tumor model.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2026Article
- Targeting lactic acidosis in the tumor microenvironment: Enhancing TACE efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2025Review
- Immunologic effects of locoregional therapies for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2025Article
- Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Role and Techniques.Interventional radiology (Higashimatsuyama-shi (Japan) · 2025Review
- Article
- Interventional Oncology Meets Immuno-oncology: Combination Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Radiology · 2024Review
- Review
- Invited Commentary on Transarterial Embolization Enhances Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression and Influences CD8 + T Lymphocytes Cytotoxicity in an Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Rat Model.Cardiovascular and interventional radiology · 2024Article
- Combination Therapy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors with Locoregional Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Cancers · 2023Review
- Efficacy and safety of camrelizumab plus transarterial chemoembolization in intermediate to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients: A prospective, multi-center, real-world study.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo characterize the effects of commonly used transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) regimens on the immune response and immune checkpoint marker expression using a VX2 rabbit liver tumor model. MATERIALS AND
methodsTwenty-four VX2 liver tumor-bearing New Zealand white rabbits were assigned to 7 groups (n = 3 per group) undergoing locoregional therapy as follows: (a) bicarbonate infusion without embolization, (b) conventional TACE (cTACE) using a water-in-oil emulsion containing doxorubicin mixed 1:2 with Lipiodol, drug-eluting embolic-TACE with either (c) idarubicin-eluting Oncozene microspheres (40 μm) or (d) doxorubicin-eluting Lumi beads (40-90 μm). For each therapy arm (b-d), a tandem set of 3 animals with additional bicarbonate infusion before TACE was added, to evaluate the effect of pH modification on the immune response. Three untreated rabbits served as controls. Tissue was harvested 24 hours after treatment, followed by digital immunohistochemistry quantification (counts/μm
resultsLumi-bead TACE induced significantly more intratumoral T-cell and APC infiltration than cTACE and Oncozene-microsphere TACE. Additionally, tumors treated with Lumi-bead TACE expressed significantly higher intratumoral immune checkpoint markers compared with cTACE and Oncozene-microsphere TACE. Neoadjuvant bicarbonate demonstrated the most pronounced effect on cTACE and resulted in a significant increase in intratumoral cluster of differentiation 3
conclusionsThis preclinical study revealed significant differences in evoked tumor immunogenicity depending on the choice of chemoembolic regimen for TACE.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.