ArticleJournal of oral biology and craniofacial research
Systemic immune response development in Albino rats after retrograde instillation of COVID-19 vaccine to submandibular salivary gland: An experimental study.
Article in Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of maternal COVID-19 vaccination on mandibular molars development in albino rats offspring.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether using the submandibular gland duct (SMD) as an alternative mucosal route for vaccine administration induced anti-COVID-19 specific immunity. Material and methods: Forty rats were randomized equally into four groups; Group I: Rats did not receive any intervention. Group II: Rats were subjected to intramuscular (IM) injection of COVID-19 vaccine. Group III: Rats were subjected to ductal cannulation by retrograde instillation of sterile saline into right SMD. Group IV: Rats in this group who had 0.5 ml of COVID-19 vaccine retrogradely injected into the right SMD. Subsequently, rats were examined for anti-COVID-19 specific antibodies (IgG). Also, light microscopic observation of glandular changes and immunohistochemical staining for CD20 was performed. Results: The obtained results demonstrated a significant increase in anti-COVID-19 IgG levels in all rats vaccinated via intraductal immunization (group IV) compared to group II. Histologically, ectopic follicles were found within the glandular lobules of the inoculated submandibular gland (SMG) in group IV. In addition, the nearby lymph node in group IV demonstrated reactive follicle characteristics in the form of activated secondary follicles with germinal centers (GCs). Immunohistochemically, CD20 was localized in group IV in GCs of the ectopic lymphoid tissue and the nearby lymph nodes while group I, group II, and III demonstrated negative immunoreactivity. Conclusion: The immune response demonstrated by intraductal SG immunization is generally more significant than that elicited by IM inoculation of the same vaccine.
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