ArticleNuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment2022
Sensitivity enhancement of an experimental benchtop x-ray fluorescence imaging system by deploying a single crystal cadmium telluride detector system optimized for high flux x-ray operations.
Article in Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Monte carlo study of detection limit for gold nanoparticles within small animal sized object during benchtop X-ray fluorescence computed tomography.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Deep learning based rapid X-ray fluorescence signal extraction and image reconstruction for preclinical benchtop X-ray fluorescence computed tomography applications.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Performance of a focused 2D anti-scatter grid for industrial X-ray computed tomography.Journal of X-ray science and technology · 2025Article
- A High-Sensitivity Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Emission Tomography (XFET) System With a Full-Ring of X-Ray Imaging-Spectrometers and a Compound-Eye Collimation Aperture.IEEE transactions on medical imaging · 2024Article
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Abstract
In this work, an energy-resolving thermoelectrically cooled single crystal cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector system upgraded with the latest firmware was optimized for high x-ray flux operations using high bias voltage and fast peaking time. This detector system was deployed into an experimental benchtop x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging/computed tomography (XFCT) system developed for quantitative imaging of metal nanoprobes such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Using the firmware-upgraded and existing/old CdTe detector systems, the Compton/XRF spectra from small (8 mm diameter) GNP-containing phantoms were acquired. The phantoms were irradiated with 1.8 mm Sn-filtered 125 kVp cone beam x-rays at 24 mA. The firmware-upgraded detector system produced relatively lower dead time under high x-ray flux, compared with the old detector system, and performed well with the spectral resolution of ~0.7 keV (in full width at half maximum) at 69 keV photon energy. Given the same 2 mm aperture detector collimator and irradiation time of 10 s, this detector system managed to score nearly 50% more gold XRF signals than the existing one at all GNP concentrations tested. This improvement resulted in the GNP detection limit of 0.02 wt. % which was lower than that (0.03 wt. %) achievable with the existing detector system. When combined with the detector collimator containing a larger (3 mm) aperture, the firmware-upgraded detector system produced drastically more gold XRF signal at a given GNP concentration (e.g., 9 times more for 1 wt. % GNP solution and irradiation time of 10 s), leading to further reduction in the GNP detection limit (i.e., 0.01 wt. %). The present investigation showed that the firmware upgraded CdTe detector system optimized for high x-ray flux operations allowed for better photon counting efficiency, thus leading to sensitivity enhancement of an experimental benchtop XRF/XFCT imaging system.
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