ArticlePreventive medicine reports2022
Tobacco 21 laws may reduce smoking and tobacco-related health disparities among youth in the U.S.
Article in Preventive medicine reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- What is the Relationship Between Raising the Minimum Legal Sales Age of Tobacco Above 20 and Cigarette Smoking? A Systematic Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Pooled it
- Assessing Social Vulnerability and FDA Tobacco Retailer Compliance Inspections and Violations in Los Angeles County, CA (2021-2023).Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Associations between county-level e-cigarette-inclusive Tobacco 21 law population coverage and e-cigarette use behaviors among United States adolescents in Monitoring the Future.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Associations Between County-Level Vape-Free Air Law Coverage and E-Cigarette Use Behaviors Among U.S. Adolescents in Monitoring the Future.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2026Article
- Unequal Impact of Flavored Tobacco Across Populations: From Neuroscience to Policy.Basic and clinical neuroscience · 2025Review
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of Tobacco 21 policies and youth tobacco use: implications for future policy research.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- SimSmoke simulation models distinguished by race/ethnicity: past and future trends and the potential role of policy.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · 2025Article
- How adolescent tobacco use has responded to state tobacco 21 laws and flavor restrictions.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2025Article
- US Tobacco 21 Policies and Potential Mortality Reductions by State.JAMA health forum · 2024Article
- Public Perception of the Tobacco 21 Amendment on Twitter in the United States: Observational Study.JMIR infodemiology · 2024Observational
- Interaction Between State-Level Cigarette Prices and County-Level Tobacco 21 Coverage on Cigarette Smoking Outcomes Among US Adolescents.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2024Article
- Household Income and Subsequent Youth Tobacco Initiation: Minorities' Diminished Returns.Journal of medicine, surgery, and public health · 2024Article
- Tobacco endgame measures and their adaptation in selected European countries: A narrative review synthesis.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2024Review
- Using the Past to Understand the Future of U.S. and Global Smoking Disparities: A Birth Cohort Perspective.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Summary and Concluding Remarks: Patterns of Birth Cohort‒Specific Smoking Histories.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Trends in E-Cigarette and Tobacco Cigarette Purchasing Behaviors by Youth in the United States, Canada, and England, 2017-2022.International journal of public health · 2023Article
- Smoking in social housing among adults in England, 2015-2020: a nationally representative survey.BMJ open · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The goal of our study is to understand the impact of Tobacco 21 (T21) laws on youth smoking and health equity. We conducted modified Poisson regression models using 2014-2019 Monitoring the Future data to measure the impact of attending school in a county 100% covered by a T21 law versus counties with <100% T21 coverage on past 30-day smoking participation (n = 262,632), first cigarette smoking initiation (n = 189,698), and daily smoking initiation among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders (n = 214,496), separately. Additive interactions were tested between T21 coverage and sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, and college plans. T21 coverage was associated with a lower likelihood of smoking participation among 12th graders. T21 coverage was most strongly associated with a lower likelihood of smoking participation among: Hispanic and NH (Non-Hispanic) Other/Multiracial individuals; respondents with parents who had less than a college education; and respondents who were not definitely planning on attending college. T21 laws were associated with a lower likelihood of smoking participation among 12th graders. T21 policies were most impactful for individuals disproportionately impacted by tobacco, indicating T21 laws might help reduce tobacco-related health disparities.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.