ArticleEpilepsia2022
"Obvious" indications for Neural antibody testing in Epilepsy or Seizures: The ONES checklist.
Article in Epilepsia, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and clinical correlates of autoimmune and infection-related antibodies in unexplained seizures in western China.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- Autoimmune-associated epilepsy: definitions and diagnosis - a narrative review.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2026Review
- Testing for neural antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis: who, what, where, when, why, and how.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Autoimmune and paraneoplastic encephalitis-associated neuronal autoantibodies with serial EEG in adults with unexplained new-onset seizures or worsening epilepsy.Epilepsia open · 2025Article
- Neuronal surface and intracellular antibody testing in patients with long-term epilepsy.Epilepsia open · 2025Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis-associated epilepsy.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Review
- Prolonged Corticosteroids Without Maintenance Immunotherapy for Treatment of Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis: Analysis of Outcomes and Relapse Rate.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Acute symptomatic seizures, epilepsy, and autoimmune encephalitis: Clarifying terminology in neural antibody-associated disease.Epilepsia · 2023Article
- Seizures in anti-Hu-associated extra-limbic encephalitis: Characterization of a unique disease manifestation.Epilepsia · 2022Article
- "Obvious" indications for Neural antibody testing in Epilepsy or Seizures: The ONES checklist.Epilepsia · 2022Article
- Evaluation of multiple consensus criteria for autoimmune encephalitis and temporal analysis of symptoms in a pediatric encephalitis cohort.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveNumerous predictive scores have been developed to help determine which patients with epilepsy or seizures of unknown etiology should undergo neural antibody testing. However, their diagnostic advantage compared to only performing testing in patients with "obvious" indications (e.g., broader features of autoimmune encephalitis, characteristic seizure semiologies) requires further study. We aimed to develop a checklist that identifies patients who have "obvious" indications for neural antibody testing and to compare its diagnostic performance to predictive scores.
methodsWe developed the "Obvious" indications for Neural antibody testing in Epilepsy or Seizures (ONES) checklist through literature review. We then retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent neural antibody testing for epilepsy or seizures at our center between March 2019 and January 2021, to determine and compare the sensitivity and specificity of the ONES checklist to the recently proposed Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy (APE2)/Antibodies Contributing to Focal Epilepsy Signs and Symptoms (ACES) reflex score.
resultsOne-hundred seventy patients who underwent neural antibody testing for epilepsy or seizures were identified. Seventy-four of 170 (43.5%) with a known etiology were excluded from sensitivity/specificity analyses; none had a true-positive neural antibody. Of the 96 patients with an unknown etiology, 14 (15%) had a true-positive neural antibody. The proportion of false-positives was significantly higher among patients with a known etiology (3/3, 100%) compared to an unknown etiology (2/16, 13%; p = .01). There was no significant difference of the APE2/ACES reflex score compared to the ONES checklist with regard to sensitivity (93% for both, p > .99) or specificity (71% vs. 78%, p = .18) for true-positive neural antibodies. SIGNIFICANCE: Compared to only performing neural antibody testing in patients with epilepsy or seizures of unknown etiology who have "obvious" indications, predictive scores confer no clear diagnostic advantage. Prespecified definitions of what constitutes a true-positive neural antibody is required in future studies to avoid false-positives that can confound results.
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