Observational studyJournal of critical care2022
Clinical characteristics, physiological features, and outcomes associated with hypercapnia in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19---insights from the PRoVENT-COVID study.
Observational study in Journal of critical care, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chronic Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure in COPD in Lithuania: National Registry Trends and Prehospital Emergency-Care Professionals' Knowledge of Hypercapnia and Oxygen Therapy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- PaCOJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- PaCOFrontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Sensing molecular carbon dioxide: a translational focus for respiratory disease.Physiological reviews · 2025Review
- Severe COVID-19 in Non-Smokers: Predictive Factors and Outcomes.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Hypercapnia Increases Influenza A Virus Infection of Bronchial Epithelial Cells by Augmenting Cellular Cholesterol via mTOR and Akt.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Hypercapnia outcome in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients on mechanical ventilator: A retrospective observational cohort.Journal of critical care medicine (Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie din Targu-Mures) · 2025Article
- Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal to De-escalate Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Severe COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia · 2024Article
- Review
- Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Review
- Letter to the editor: "Clinical characteristics, physiological features, and outcomes associated with hypercapnia in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19---insights from the PRoVENT-COVID study".Journal of critical care · 2023Article
- Hypercapnia increases ACE2 expression and pseudo-SARS-CoV-2 entry in bronchial epithelial cells by augmenting cellular cholesterol.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeWe determined the incidence of hypercapnia and associations with outcome in invasively ventilated COVID-19 patients.
methodsPosthoc analysis of a national, multicenter, observational study in 22 ICUs. Patients were classified as 'hypercapnic' or 'normocapnic' in the first three days of invasive ventilation. Primary endpoint was prevalence of hypercapnia. Secondary endpoints were ventilator parameters, length of stay (LOS) in ICU and hospital, and mortality in ICU, hospital, at day 28 and 90.
resultsOf 824 patients, 485 (58.9%) were hypercapnic. Hypercapnic patients had a higher BMI and had COPD, severe ARDS and venous thromboembolic events more often. Hypercapnic patients were ventilated with lower tidal volumes, higher respiratory rates, higher driving pressures, and with more mechanical power of ventilation. Hypercapnic patients had comparable minute volumes but higher ventilatory ratios than normocapnic patients. In hypercapnic patients, ventilation and LOS in ICU and hospital was longer, but mortality was comparable to normocapnic patients.
conclusionHypercapnia occurs often in invasively ventilated COVID-19 patients. Main differences between hypercapnic and normocapnic patients are severity of ARDS, occurrence of venous thromboembolic events, and a higher ventilation ratio. Hypercapnia has an association with duration of ventilation and LOS in ICU and hospital, but not with mortality.
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