SynthesisTravel medicine and infectious disease
Influenza vaccine improves cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Travel medicine and infectious disease. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- The benefits of influenza vaccination in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Influenza vaccination is associated with a decreased risk of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Influenza Vaccination as Cardiovascular Prevention in Adults with Heart Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Potential Non-Specific Benefits of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Does influenza vaccination contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular events? An umbrella review.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2025Article
- Chronic Diseases and Influenza Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Comparing frequency of booster vaccination to prevent severe COVID-19 by risk group in the United States.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Immunizing hearts: exploring the vaccination frontier in heart failure management.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Review
- World Heart Federation Roadmap for Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: 2023 Update.Global heart · 2024Article
- Association between BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccination and risk of CVD and mortality after COVID-19 infection: A population-based cohort study.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Article
- Influenza vaccines may protect against cardiovascular diseases: The evidence is mounting and should be known by the Canadian public health community.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2023Article
- Platelet versus plasma CXCL14, coronary artery disease, and clinical outcomes.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2023Article
- What if flu vaccination is the most responsible thing to do for cardiovascular health in the upcoming season?European heart journal supplements : journal of the European Society of Cardiology · 2023Article
- Role of Inflammation in Cardiac Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Review
- Can COVID-19 vaccines improve cardiovascular outcomes?Travel medicine and infectious diseaseArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere are inconsistent data on the clinical benefit of the influenza vaccine on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of the influenza vaccine on cardiovascular outcomes in CAD patients.
methodsWe searched four electronic databases from inception to September 21, 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of influenza vaccine in CAD patients were included. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and myocardial infarction. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Effect sizes were expressed as risk ratio (RR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI). All meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model.
resultsFive RCTs involving 4211 patients were included. The mean age ranged from 54.5 to 67 years and 75% of patients were men. Influenza vaccine significantly reduced the risk of MACE (RR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.51-0.77), all-cause mortality (RR, 058; 95% CI, 0.4-0.84) and cardiovascular mortality (RR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.38-0.74) compared to control group. The risk of myocardial infarction was similar between both groups (RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.47-1.02). The certainty of the evidence was low for MACE, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality and was very low for myocardial infarction.
conclusionsOur review shows that the influenza vaccine may reduce cardiovascular events in CAD patients. Therefore, we suggest that it be actively applied as part of secondary prevention in this population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.