ArticleBrain stimulation
Closed-loop optimization of transcranial magnetic stimulation with electroencephalography feedback.
Article in Brain stimulation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanisms of transcranial magnetic brain stimulation.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Clinical utility and prospective of TMS-EEG: Updated review from an international expert group.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Distinct cortical excitability and connectivity profiles within the human SMA complex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- From heterogeneity to precision: Mapping the future of rTMS for musculoskeletal pain.British journal of pain · 2025Article
- Personalized cognitive enhancement for older adults: An aging-friendly closed-loop human-machine interface framework.Ageing research reviews · 2025Review
- Visual Neurorestoration: An Expert Review of Current Strategies for Restoring Vision in Humans.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Optimizing and assessing multichannel TMS focality.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Harnessing electroencephalography connectomes for cognitive and clinical neuroscience.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Review
- Manipulation of neuronal activity by an artificial spiking neural network implemented on a closed-loop brain-computer interface in non-human primates.Journal of neural engineering · 2025Article
- State-Dependent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Synchronized with Electroencephalography: Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Directions.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Design, construction, and deployment of a multi-locus transcranial magnetic stimulation system for clinical use.Biomedical engineering online · 2025Article
- A comparative study to assess synchronisation methods for combined simultaneous EEG and TMS acquisition.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A wearable repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation device.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Research hotspots and frontiers of neuromodulation technology in the last decade: a visualization analysis based on the Web of Science database.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Review
- Optimization of TMS target engagement: current state and future perspectives.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Real-Time Tractography-Assisted Neuronavigation for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.Human brain mapping · 2025Article
- Most Effective Interventions for Enhancing Neural Plasticity for Functional Recovery in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of surgery and research · 2025Article
- Utilizing Centromedian Thalamus Connectivity to Personalize Noninvasive Neuromodulation Targets.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Article
- Real-time TMS-EEG for brain state-controlled research and precision treatment: a narrative review and guide.Journal of neural engineering · 2024Review
- Autonomic reactivity to mental stress is associated with cardiovascular mortality.European heart journal open · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in brain research and treatment of various brain dysfunctions. However, the optimal way to target stimulation and administer TMS therapies, for example, where and in which electric field direction the stimuli should be given, is yet to be determined.
objectiveTo develop an automated closed-loop system for adjusting TMS parameters (in this work, the stimulus orientation) online based on TMS-evoked brain activity measured with electroencephalography (EEG).
methodsWe developed an automated closed-loop TMS-EEG set-up. In this set-up, the stimulus parameters are electronically adjusted with multi-locus TMS. As a proof of concept, we developed an algorithm that automatically optimizes the stimulation orientation based on single-trial EEG responses. We applied the algorithm to determine the electric field orientation that maximizes the amplitude of the TMS-EEG responses. The validation of the algorithm was performed with six healthy volunteers, repeating the search twenty times for each subject.
resultsThe validation demonstrated that the closed-loop control worked as desired despite the large variation in the single-trial EEG responses. We were often able to get close to the orientation that maximizes the EEG amplitude with only a few tens of pulses.
conclusionOptimizing stimulation with EEG feedback in a closed-loop manner is feasible and enables effective coupling to brain activity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.