ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2022
From Sharks to Yeasts: Squalene in the Development of Vaccine Adjuvants.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comprehensive Stability Assessment of Squalene in a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant and the SpiN-Tec Vaccine: HPLC Quantification, Stress Testing, and Stability Studies.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Research progress on metabolic engineering for efficient squalene synthesis in yeast cell factories.Biotechnology letters · 2026Review
- A Three-Step Synthesis of Squalene fromACS omega · 2026Article
- A comprehensive review ofRSC advances · 2026Review
- Cooperative supramolecular integration of QS-21 into polymeric micelles as a tunable nanoadjuvant platform for subunit vaccines.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Review
- Metabolic Engineering of Yeasts for the Production of the Triterpene Squalene: Current Status and Future Prospective.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Review
- Engineering terpene synthases and their substrates for the biocatalytic production of terpene natural products and analogues.Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
- Exploration of bioactive molecules from Sesbania grandiflora (L.): identification of squalene as an effective compound against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, through molecular docking.Experimental & applied acarology · 2024Article
- Thraustochytrids: Evolution, Ultrastructure, Biotechnology, and Modeling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Microfluidic-Chip-Based Formulation and In Vivo Evaluations of Squalene Oil Emulsion Adjuvants for Subunit Vaccines.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Oceanic Breakthroughs: Marine-Derived Innovations in Vaccination, Therapy, and Immune Health.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Analytical Determination of Squalene in Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Olive Processing By-Products, and Its Valorization as an Ingredient in Functional Food-A Critical Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Microbial Squalene: A Sustainable Alternative for the Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Industry - A Review.Engineering in life sciences · 2024Review
- Research progress on emulsion vaccine adjuvants.Heliyon · 2024Review
- The Promiscuity of Squalene Synthase-Like Enzyme: Dehydrosqualene Synthase, a Natural Squalene Hyperproducer?Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2024Article
- Article
- Advances in Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Practical Considerations for Next-Generation Adjuvant Development and Translation.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Squalene is a natural linear triterpene that can be found in high amounts in certain fish liver oils, especially from deep-sea sharks, and to a lesser extent in a wide variety of vegeTable oils. It is currently used for numerous vaccine and drug delivery emulsions due to its stability-enhancing properties and biocompatibility. Squalene-based vaccine adjuvants, such as MF59 (Novartis), AS03 (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals), or AF03 (Sanofi) are included in seasonal vaccines against influenza viruses and are presently being considered for inclusion in several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and future pandemic threats. However, harvesting sharks for this purpose raises serious ecological concerns that the exceptional demand of the pandemic has exacerbated. In this line, the use of plants to obtain phytosqualene has been seen as a more sustainable alternative, yet the lower yields and the need for huge investments in infrastructures and equipment makes this solution economically ineffective. More recently, the enormous advances in the field of synthetic biology provided innovative approaches to make squalene production more sustainable, flexible, and cheaper by using genetically modified microbes to produce pharmaceutical-grade squalene. Here, we review the biological mechanisms by which squalene-based vaccine adjuvants boost the immune response, and further compare the existing sources of squalene and their environmental impact. We propose that genetically engineered microbes are a sustainable alternative to produce squalene at industrial scale, which are likely to become the sole source of pharmaceutical-grade squalene in the foreseeable future.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.