ReviewViruses2022
Mutations and Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.
Review in Viruses, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 124 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
124 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 228 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic Review on Major Antiviral Phytocompounds from Common Medicinal Plants against SARS-CoV-2.Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates)) · 2024Pooled it
- Host Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Northern Mexico: Structural Biology Insights and the Impact of Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Design and immunogenicity evaluation of pan-recombinant vaccines based on the consensus sequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 spike protein.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Post-pandemic changes in population immunity have reduced the likelihood of emergence of zoonotic coronaviruses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Impacts of neutralizing antibody responses on SARS-CoV-2 evolution and its associated disease progression.Immunity & inflammation · 2026Article
- The Redesign of the Molecular Scaffold of Viral Ion Channel Blockers.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Computational screening and molecular modeling of probiotic-derived peptides targeting the conserved HR1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Targeting Host Dependency Factors: A Paradigm Shift in Antiviral Strategy Against RNA Viruses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody persistence using LFIC: a prevalence study after booster doses.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Engineering virus-like particles for safe and versatile modeling of SARS-CoV-2 host interaction and immune escape.Communications biology · 2025Article
- An Italian Single-Center Genomic Surveillance Study: Two-Year Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Mutations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Association Between ABO Blood Groups and SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia, Spike Protein Mutations, and Thrombotic Events in COVID-19 Patients.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Host-Virus Interface in Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Viral Characteristic Evolution and Gene Expression Profiling Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 intrahost genetic evolution in vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients from the Kenyan population.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Generative prediction of real-world prevalent SARS-CoV-2 mutation with in silico virus evolution.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Review
- Profiling of sesquiterpenoid fractions fromBiomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Article
- 9-aminominocycline potentiates the efficacy of EIDD-1931 and PF-332 by targeting the papain like protease enzyme of SARS-CoV-2.Scientific reports · 2025Article
64 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mediates target recognition, cellular entry, and ultimately the viral infection that leads to various levels of COVID-19 severities. Positive evolutionary selection of mutations within the spike protein has led to the genesis of new SARS-CoV-2 variants with greatly enhanced overall fitness. Given the trend of variants with increased fitness arising from spike protein alterations, it is critical that the scientific community understand the mechanisms by which these mutations alter viral functions. As of March 2022, five SARS-CoV-2 strains were labeled "variants of concern" by the World Health Organization: the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms by which the common mutations on the spike protein that occur within these strains enhance the overall fitness of their respective variants. In addressing these mutations within the context of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein structure, spike/receptor binding interface, spike/antibody binding, and virus neutralization, we summarize the general paradigms that can be used to estimate the effects of future mutations along SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.