ArticleViruses2022
West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Spreads Westwards in Europe and Overwinters in North-Eastern Spain (2017-2020).
Article in Viruses, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnosis and Surveillance of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses: Current Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Long-Term Surveillance ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Spanish West Nile virus isolates of lineages 1 and 2 elicit different patterns of infection in red-legged partridges.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
- West Nile virus transmission in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (Spain): A One-Health surveillance approach.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- First autochthonous transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 to humans in Spain.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Laboratory evidence on the vector competence of European field-captured Culex theileri for circulating West Nile virus lineages 1 and 2.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Mono-WNV and combined WNV/TBEV inactivated vaccine efficacy against a wide range of WNV and TBEV strains.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus: An Update Focusing on Southern Europe.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Human and Animal Importance: Overwintering in Temperate Regions of Europe during an Era of Climate Change.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in Wild Birds and Equines in Madrid Province, Spain.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Accelerating targeted mosquito control efforts through mobile West Nile virus detection.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Re-Emergence of a West Nile Virus (WNV) Variant in South Spain with Rapid Spread Capacity.Viruses · 2023Article
- Continuous surveillance of potentially zoonotic avian pathogens detects contemporaneous occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV H5) and flaviviruses (USUV, WNV) in several wild and captive birds.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Indication of West Nile Virus (WNV) Lineage 2 Overwintering among Wild Birds in the Regions of Peloponnese and Western Greece.Veterinary sciences · 2023Article
- Genomic Analysis of West Nile Virus Lineage 1 Detected in Mosquitoes during the 2020-2021 Outbreaks in Andalusia, Spain.Viruses · 2023Article
- An advanced sequence clustering and designation workflow reveals the enzootic maintenance of a dominant West Nile virus subclade in Germany.Virus evolution · 2023Article
- European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2022Article
- High exposure of West Nile virus in equid and wild bird populations in Spain following the epidemic outbreak in 2020.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2022Article
- West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Overwintering in Italy.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile virus lineage 2 (WNV-L2) emerged in Europe in 2004; since then, it has spread across the continent, causing outbreaks in humans and animals. During 2017 and 2020, WNV-L2 was detected and isolated from four northern goshawks in two provinces of Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). In order to characterise the first Spanish WNV-L2 isolates and elucidate the potential overwintering of the virus in this Mediterranean region, complete genome sequencing, phylogenetic analyses, and a study of phenotypic characterisation were performed. Our results showed that these Spanish isolates belonged to the central-southern WNV-L2 clade. In more detail, they were related to the Lombardy cluster that emerged in Italy in 2013 and has been able to spread westwards, causing outbreaks in France (2018) and Spain (2017 and 2020). Phenotypic characterisation performed in vitro showed that these isolates presented characteristics corresponding to strains of moderate to high virulence. All these findings evidence that these WNV-L2 strains have been able to circulate and overwinter in the region, and are pathogenic, at least in northern goshawks, which seem to be very susceptible to WNV infection and may be good indicators of WNV-L2 circulation. Due to the increasing number of human and animal cases in Europe in the last years, this zoonotic flavivirus should be kept under extensive surveillance, following a One-Health approach.
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