ReviewPharmaceutics2022
Iontophoresis of Biological Macromolecular Drugs.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Numerical simulation of PDRN iontophoresis: comparison with passive diffusion and key parameter analysis.Drug delivery · 2026Article
- Transdermal needle-free drug delivery approaches and activation mechanism.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Skin-Interfaced Therapeutic Patches for Wound Fluid Management and Transdermal Drug Delivery.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Drug-Loaded Hydrogel Microneedles for Sustainable Transdermal Delivery of Macromolecular Proteins.Current drug delivery · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Skin Patting and Iontophoresis with Dutasteride Gel in Male and Menopausal Female Androgenetic Alopecia: A Pilot Study.Dermatology and therapy · 2025Article
- Technological Advances in Anti-hair Loss and Hair Regrowth Cosmeceuticals: Mechanistic Breakthroughs and Industrial Prospects Driven by Multidisciplinary Collaborative Innovation.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Review
- Review
- Implantable bioelectronic devices for photoelectrochemical and electrochemical modulation of cells and tissues.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2025Article
- Can breakthroughs in dermal and transdermal macromolecule delivery surmount existing barriers and revolutionize future therapeutics?Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- (Re)evolution in nanoparticles-loaded microneedle delivery systems: are we getting closer to a clinical translation?Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Review
- Current Strategies and Future Directions of Wearable Biosensors for Measuring Stress Biochemical Markers for Neuropsychiatric Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Transdermal Delivery of Botulinum Neurotoxin A: A Novel Formulation with Therapeutic Potential.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Peptides: Emerging Candidates for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Senescence: A Review.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Different Generations and Dermatokinetic Assessment of Drug Concentration in Skin.Pharmaceutical medicine · 2024Review
- Non-Invasive Delivery of Negatively Charged Nanobodies by Anodal Iontophoresis: When Electroosmosis Dominates Electromigration.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Approaches and applications in transdermal and transpulmonary gene drug delivery.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Intradermal Delivery of Naked mRNA Vaccines via Iontophoresis.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Iontophoresis-Driven Microneedle Arrays Delivering Transgenic Outer Membrane Vesicles in Program that Stimulates Transcutaneous Vaccination for Cancer Immunotherapy.Small science · 2023Article
- Increasing Skeletal Muscle Mass in Mice by Non-Invasive Intramuscular Delivery of Myostatin Inhibitory Peptide by Iontophoresis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Over the last few decades, biological macromolecular drugs (e.g., peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids) have become a significant therapeutic modality for the treatment of various diseases. These drugs are considered superior to small-molecule drugs because of their high specificity and favorable safety profiles. However, such drugs are limited by their low oral bioavailability and short half-lives. Biological macromolecular drugs are typically administrated via invasive methods, e.g., intravenous or subcutaneous injections, which can be painful and induce needle phobia. Noninvasive transdermal delivery is an alternative administration route for the local and systemic delivery of biological macromolecular drugs. However, a challenge with the noninvasive transdermal delivery of biological macromolecular drugs is the outermost layer of the skin, known as the stratum corneum, which is a physical barrier that restricts the entry of extraneous macromolecules. Iontophoresis (IP) relies on the application of a low level of electricity for transdermal drug delivery, in order to facilitate the skin permeation of hydrophilic and charged molecules. The IP of several biological macromolecular drugs has recently been investigated. Herein, we review the IP-mediated noninvasive transdermal delivery of biological macromolecular drugs, their routes of skin permeation, their underlying mechanisms, and their advance applications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.