ArticleVaccines2022
Cellular Immunity-The Key to Long-Term Protection in Individuals Recovered from SARS-CoV-2 and after Vaccination.
Article in Vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-Antigen Viral-Vectored Vaccine Protects Against SARS-CoV-2 and Variants in a Lethal hACE2 Transgenic Mouse Model.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Difference of SARS-CoV-2 infection and influence factors between people with and without HIV infection.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Heterologous prime-boost Zika virus vaccination induces comprehensive humoral and cellular immunity in mouse models.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Enhanced RBD-Specific Antibody Responses and SARS-CoV-2-Relevant T-Cell Activity in Healthcare Workers Following Booster Vaccination.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Genetic, Clinical, Epidemiological, and Immunological Profiling of IgG Response Duration after SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Interferon-γ Release Assay in the Assessment of Cellular Immunity-A Single-Centre Experience with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Fully Vaccinated Nursing Home Residents and Workers.Viruses · 2024Article
- SARSCoV-2 antibody prevalence and titers in persons living with HIV cared for at a large tertiary reference center in Mexico City.Virology journal · 2023Article
- Comparison of Four T-cell Assays and Two Binding Antibody Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinees With or Without Omicron Breakthrough Infection.Annals of laboratory medicine · 2023Article
- Aberrant Immune Features after Recovery from COVID-19 in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Other Autoimmune Diseases.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Inflammation and Immune Reactions in the Fetus as a Response to COVID-19 in the Mother.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 N Antigen-Specific T Cell Functionality by Modulating the Autophagy-Mediated Signal Pathway in Mice.Viruses · 2023Article
- Article
- A Third Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Improves Immune Response in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Importance of Cellular Immunity and IFN-γ Concentration in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Reinfection: A Cohort Study.Viruses · 2023Article
- Enzymatic approaches against SARS-CoV-2 infection with an emphasis on the telomere-associated enzymes.Biotechnology letters · 2023Review
- Comparison of Two Commercially Available Interferon-γ Release Assays for T-Cell-Mediated Immunity and Evaluation of Humoral Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Workers.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previous clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that over time antibody titers decrease, and they do not provide long-term mucosa protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, the increase in breakthrough infections that occur more frequently in the vaccinated than in the study participants with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection has recently become a priority public health concern. We measured the amount of interferon-gamma (Quan-T-Cell ELISA) and the level of antibodies (Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA IgG) in the blood of the same patients simultaneously to compare cellular and humoral immunity. A total of 200 study participants (before Omicron variant appearance) were divided into four groups whose levels of cellular and humoral immunity we compared: study participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (group 1); study participants vaccinated with EMA-approved vaccines (group 2); study participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, and vaccination history (group 3); and study participants without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination (group 4). Our results showed that study participants who received one of the EMA-approved vaccines and who recovered from COVID-19 (group 3) had significantly higher levels of cellular immunity and antibody titers in comparison with groups 1 and 2. Additionally, we have noticed that the study participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the study participants vaccinated with EMA-approved vaccines had a long-lasting cellular immunity. Furthermore, antibody levels showed a negative correlation with time since the last contact with a viral antigen, while cellular immunity within 20 months showed as long-term protection. Moreover, out of 200 study participants, only 1 study participant who recovered from COVID-19 (0.5%) was re-infected, while a total of 6 study participants (3%) were infected with SARS-CoV-2 after receiving the vaccine. This study suggests that cellular immunity-unlike humoral immunity, thanks to memory T cells-represents long-term protection in individuals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 and after vaccination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.