ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2022
Associations between household air pollution and early child development among children aged 36-59 months in Bangladesh.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Risk of Adverse Health Outcomes in Women and Children in Bangladesh.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Urban-rural heterogeneity in the association of indoor air pollution exposure with early childhood development among children aged 0-5 years in a Chinese plateau area.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Perinatal and Childhood Risk Factors of Adverse Early Childhood Developmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review Using a Socioecological Model.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Study Protocol to Assess the Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Asthma and Other Respiratory Health Outcomes Amongst Children Below 5 Years of Age in Alexandra Township's Early Childhood Development Centers, Johannesburg.Methods and protocols · 2025Article
- Stress biomarkers and child development in young children in Bangladesh.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2024Article
- Environmental Exposure Disparities and Neurodevelopmental Risk: a Review.Current environmental health reports · 2023Review
- Early childhood developmental status and its associated factors in Bangladesh: a comparison of two consecutive nationally representative surveys.BMC public health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHousehold air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel use (SFU) for cooking may impact child health in low-resources countries. This study examined the associations between HAP and early childhood development (ECD) outcomes among children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh and explored potential effect modification by sex and urbanicity.
methodsThe study sample consisted of 9395 children aged 36-59 months in the households from the Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019. SFU and levels of exposure to SFU (unexposed, moderately exposed and highly exposed) were used as proxies of HAP exposure. We estimated the covariate-adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% CIs for the associations between HAP and ECD outcomes using multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression models with a robust variance estimator.
results81.4% of children were exposed to SFU, and the prevalence of developmental delay (in Early Childhood Development Index) was 25.3%. Children exposed to SFU were 1.47 times more likely to have developmental delays (95% CI: 1.25, 1.73; p<0.001) compared with children with no SFU exposure. SFU was significantly associated with developmental delay in socioemotional (aPR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.36; p=0.035) and learning-cognitive (aPR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.39, 2.60; p<0.001) domains. Similarly, children moderately exposed and highly exposed to HAP had higher prevalence of developmental delays than unexposed children. We did not observe effect modification by sex or urbanicity.
conclusionPublic health policies should promote the use of clean cooking fuels and cookstoves to reduce the high burden of HAP exposure in low-resource countries for helping younger children to meet their developmental milestones.
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