SynthesisEuropean archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience2022
Emerging findings of glutamate-glutamine imbalance in the medial prefrontal cortex in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of spectroscopy studies.
Synthesis in European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis and open-source database for in vivo brain Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy in health and disease.Analytical biochemistry · 2023Pooled it
- A comprehensive overview of the biological foundations of ADHD.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Association between neuronal pentraxin 2, ADHD symptoms, and executive functioning in adults with ADHD: a case-control study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Reinventing amlodipine.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2026Review
- Developmental trajectories of glutamate and the variable clinical course of ADHD in youth.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- hiPSC-derived cortical neurons from ADHD individuals reveal dysregulated glutamatergic development.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- From brain circuits to self-regulation: an integrative neurocognitive model of metacognition and emotion regulation in ADHD.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Brain region and cell type-specific DNA methylation profiles in association with ADHD.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Glutamate imbalance in key structure of the default mode network in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Long-term follow-up of neurocognitive function in patients with citrin deficiency and cholestasis.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
- Increasing Health Literacy on ADHD: A Cross-Disciplinary Integrative Review Examining the Impact of ADHD on Brain Maturation, Composition and Function and Cognitive Processes Across the Life Course.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Review
- Glutamate enhances the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-11, as well as chemokines CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL8 in keloid fibroblasts.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Article
- Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: historical challenges and emerging frontiers.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2024Review
- Prefrontal metabolite alterations in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: a 7T magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Molecular Mechanisms Underlying NMDARs Dysfunction and Their Role in ADHD Pathogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Meta-analysis and Open-source Database for In Vivo Brain Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Health and Disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- New findings on attention/hyperactivity disorder: what is (not) known?European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2022Article
- Protective role of muscones on astrocytes under a mechanical-chemical damage model.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in individuals with internet gaming.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
One of the main challenges in investigating the neurobiology of ADHD is our limited capacity to study its neurochemistry in vivo. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) estimates metabolite concentrations within the brain, but approaches and findings have been heterogeneous. To assess differences in brain metabolites between patients with ADHD and healthy controls, we searched 12 databases screening for MRS studies. Studies were divided into 'children and adolescents' and 'adults' and meta-analyses were performed for each brain region with more than five studies. The quality of studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Thirty-three studies met our eligibility criteria, including 874 patients with ADHD. Primary analyses revealed that the right medial frontal area of children with ADHD presented higher concentrations of a composite of glutamate and glutamine (p = 0.02, SMD = 0.53). Glutamate might be implicated in pruning and neurodegenerative processes as an excitotoxin, while glutamine excess might signal a glutamate depletion that could hinder neurotrophic activity. Both neuro metabolites could be implicated in the differential cortical thinning observed in patients with ADHD across all ages. Notably, more homogeneous designs and reporting guidelines are the key factors to determine how suitable MRS is for research and, perhaps, for clinical psychiatry. Results of this meta-analysis provided an overall map of the brain regions evaluated so far, addressed the role of glutamatergic metabolites in the pathophysiology of ADHD, and pointed to new perspectives for consistent use of the tool in the field.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.