ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2022
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine (Covaxin) against breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in India.
Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Phase 3, randomized, non-inferiority study of a heterologous booster dose of SARS CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine in adults.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Long-term humoral and cellular immune responses following Covaxin vaccination: a 2-year prospective longitudinal study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Revealing COVID-19 breakthrough infection rates among vaccinated individuals at a tertiary care centre in South India.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2025Article
- Biochemical Screening of Phytochemicals and Identification of Scopoletin as a Potential Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 MViruses · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccines are effective at preventing symptomatic and severe infection among healthcare workers: A clinical review.Vaccine: X · 2024Review
- Efficacy and prognostic factors of COVID-19 vaccine in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis of data from a prospective cohort study.Cancer medicine · 2024Observational
- COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Healthcare Workers: A Phenomenological Study of Skepticism.Cureus · 2024Article
- Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Menstrual Cycle Patterns of Reproductive-age Women: A Multi-centric Observational Study.Current drug research reviews · 2024Observational
- CoviWall, a whole-virion-inactivated B.1.617.2 vaccine candidate, induces potent humoral and Th1 cell response in mice and protects against B.1.617.2 strain challenge in Syrian hamsters.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Etiopathogenesis and Recent Developments in COVID-19 Vaccines.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Vaccination Can Prevent Severe Pulmonary Disease in COVID-19 Positive Patients: A Case-Control Study.Cureus · 2023Article
- Review
- Intertwined Dysregulation of Ribosomal Proteins and Immune Response Delineates SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Breakthroughs.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Observational
- Article
- Efficacy and effectiveness of inactivated vaccines against symptomatic COVID-19, severe COVID-19, and COVID-19 clinical outcomes in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2023Article
- Review
- Insight into the liver dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: Molecular mechanisms and possible therapeutic strategies.World journal of gastroenterology · 2023Review
- Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
India approved COVID-19 vaccine called Covaxin, developed by the Indian Council of Medical Research and Bharat Biotech Ltd. The primary objective of the study was to estimate the effectiveness of Covaxin in preventing breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers (HCWs). A test-negative matched case-control study was conducted among HCWs of tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Any HCW who tested positive for COVID-19 using RT-PCR during April and May 2021 was taken as the case. The HCWs who tested negative for COVID-19 by RT-PCR were considered as controls after matching with the date of testing and profession of the cases. Vaccination data were collected from the institution's vaccine database and recall. In case of discrepancy, it was confirmed from the CoWIN portal (cowin.gov.in). The sample size was 670 participants (335 pairs). Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio for breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated using the following formula: VE = (1-aOR) × 100%. Sensitivity analysis was done for effectiveness of Covaxin, excluding Covishield vaccination. The mean age of participants was 29.1 years (SD = 7.1), and the majority were males (55.2%). Among the study participants, 60% were completely vaccinated, 18.51% were partially vaccinated, and 21.49% were unvaccinated. After adjusting for age, gender, type of household and past history of COVID-19 disease in conditional logistic models, the vaccine effectiveness was 22% (aOR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.52-1.17; p = .233). Sensitivity analysis with Covaxin showed an effectiveness of 29% (aOR 0.71, 95% CI: 0.47-1.08; p = .114) for preventing breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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