ArticlePloS one2022
Phenotypic divergence between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor (Malus sieversii).
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Morphological diversity of Chinese chinquapin (Castanea henryi (Skan) Rehder & E.H. Wilson) germplasm.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Tracing the Holocene hybrid origin of cultivated walnut in southwestern China.Forestry research · 2026Article
- Malate metabolism in horticultural crops: mechanistic insights and agricultural practices for quality improvement.Molecular horticulture · 2025Review
- The Biologically Active Compounds in Fruits of Cultivated Varieties and Wild Species of Apples.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Genomic resources for crop wild relatives are critical for perennial fruit breeding and conservation.American journal of botany · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Review of Phenolic Compounds in Horticultural Plants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Apple crown and collar canker and necrosis caused by Cytospora balanejica sp. nov. in Iran.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- DNA profiling with the 20K apple SNP array revealsFrontiers in plant science · 2022Article
- GWAS provides new insights into the genetic mechanisms of phytochemicals production and red skin colour in apple.Horticulture research · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An understanding of the relationship between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor species (M. sieversii) not only provides an understanding of how apples have been improved in the past, but may be useful for apple improvement in the future. We measured 10 phenotypes in over 1000 unique apple accessions belonging to M. domestica and M. sieversii from Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection. Using principal components analysis (PCA), we determined that M. domestica and M. sieversii differ significantly in phenotypic space and are nearly completely distinguishable as two separate groups. We found that M. domestica had a shorter juvenile phase than M. sieversii and that cultivated trees produced flowers and ripe fruit later than their wild progenitors. Cultivated apples were also 3.6 times heavier, 43% less acidic, and had 68% less phenolic content than wild apples. Using historical records, we found that apple breeding over the past 200 years has resulted in a trend towards apples that have higher soluble solids, are less bitter, and soften less during storage. Our results quantify the significant changes in phenotype that have taken place since apple domestication, and provide evidence that apple breeding has led to continued phenotypic divergence of the cultivated apple from its wild progenitor species.
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