ArticleNature biotechnology2022
Development of spirulina for the manufacture and oral delivery of protein therapeutics.
Article in Nature biotechnology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic insights into the taxonomy, safety and biotechnological potential ofMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Unraveling the multifaceted applications of Spirulina: a comprehensive review.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Development of an inhibitory monoclonal nanobody targeting Streptococcus pyogenes siderophore binding protein FtsB.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Green genes from blue greens: challenges and solutions to unlocking the potential of cyanobacteria in drug discovery.Natural product reports · 2026Review
- Integrated Analytical Approach to Micro- and Macroalgae: Tailored Extraction Strategies for Sustainable Biorefineries.ACS omega · 2026Article
- The natural history of a biocrust architect, the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Cyanobacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Protein Carriers: Towards Fish Vaccination.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- Nanobodies in biomedicine: from molecular characteristics to fabrication and clinical translation.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Review
- An Effective Oral Drug Delivery Route for Pharmacokinetic Complications: Spirulina Lipid Nanotechnology System.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress, Gut Bacteria, and Microalgae: A Holistic Approach to Manage Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Vegetative and microbial proteins for bioplastics applications - a review in the indian context.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Engineered Spirulina platensis for treating rheumatoid arthritis and restoring bone homeostasis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- In Vitro Culture, Genetic Transformation and the Production of Biopharmaceuticals in Microalgae.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Aspartate Metabolism-Driven Gut Microbiota Dynamics and RIP-Dependent Mitochondrial Function Counteract Oxidative Stress.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Acetaminophen production in the edible, filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Nanobodies: From High-Throughput Identification to Therapeutic Development.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2024Review
- Spirulina-An Invaluable Source of Macro- and Micronutrients with Broad Biological Activity and Application Potential.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
45 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The use of the edible photosynthetic cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) as a biomanufacturing platform has been limited by a lack of genetic tools. Here we report genetic engineering methods for stable, high-level expression of bioactive proteins in spirulina, including large-scale, indoor cultivation and downstream processing methods. Following targeted integration of exogenous genes into the spirulina chromosome (chr), encoded protein biopharmaceuticals can represent as much as 15% of total biomass, require no purification before oral delivery and are stable without refrigeration and protected during gastric transit when encapsulated within dry spirulina. Oral delivery of a spirulina-expressed antibody targeting campylobacter-a major cause of infant mortality in the developing world-prevents disease in mice, and a phase 1 clinical trial demonstrated safety for human administration. Spirulina provides an advantageous system for the manufacture of orally delivered therapeutic proteins by combining the safety of a food-based production host with the accessible genetic manipulation and high productivity of microbial platforms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.