ArticleBMJ open2022
Prevalence and risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease in Nepal: evidence from a nationally representative population-based cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07506980 (Effect of Nurse-led Intervention on Self-care Adherence and Quality of Life Among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis.), which is not on this map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Nurse-led Intervention on Self-care Adherence and Quality of Life Among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global health inequalities of chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence and predictive factors of chronic kidney disease among individuals with cardiometabolic risk factors: A multicenter cross-sectional study, North East Ethiopia.Clinical medicine (London, England) · 2026Article
- Anticipated stigma and perceived social support among maintenance hemodialysis patients in Syria: a multicentre cross-sectional study in a conflict-affected setting.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Nephrology in Turbulence: Workforce Strain, Dialysis Gaps, and System Fragility in Nepal After the 2025 Gen Z Protests.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- A comparison of chronic kidney risk among returnee Nepalese migrant workers in the countries of the Gulf and Malaysia and non-migrants in Nepal: a population-based cross-sectional study.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Dosage adjustments in renal impairment among medical ward patients: ChatGPT® and DeepSeek® models' effectiveness in assessing those adjustments.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2026Article
- Global landscape of kidney health across Indigenous populations.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
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- Kidney transplants in Nepali migrant workers: health and employment insights.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Heat Stress Nephropathy in CKD of Uncertain Etiology Hotspots of Bargarh District Odisha, India.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
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- Quality of Life Among Hemodialysis Patients Attending Dialysis Centers in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Tackling chronic kidney disease in Nepal: from evidence to action.Journal of nephrology · 2025Review
- A Predictive Nomogram for Selective Screening of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Population-Based Study.Canadian journal of kidney health and disease · 2025Article
- International prevalence patterns of low eGFR in adults aged 18-60 without traditional risk factors from population-based cross-sectional studies: a disadvantaged populations eGFR epidemiology (DEGREE) study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Clinical profile and complications seen in the patients in the later stages of chronic kidney disease presenting to the Emergency Department in a tertiary care center in Nepal: a cross-sectional study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- Prevalence and clinical characteristics of hyperuricemia among patients with chronic kidney disease under haemodialysis in a tertiary care center: a cross-sectional study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to determine population-based prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated factors in Nepal. STUDY
designThe study was a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study. SETTING AND
participantsCross-sectional survey conducted in a nationally representative sample of 12 109 Nepalese adult from 2016 to 2018 on selected chronic non-communicable diseases was examined. Multistage cluster sampling with a mix of probability proportionate to size and systematic random sampling was used for the selection of individuals aged 20 years and above. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome in this study was population-based prevalence of CKD in Nepal. A participant was considered to have CKD if the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio was greater than or equal to 30 mg/g and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate is less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m
resultsThe overall prevalence of CKD in Nepal was 6.0% (95% CI 5.5 to 6.6). Factors independently associated with CKD included older age (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.6, 95% CI 1.9 to 3.6), Dalit caste (AOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3), hypertension (AOR 2.4, 95% CI 2.0 to 3.0), diabetes mellitus (AOR 3.2, 95% CI 2.5 to 4.1), raised total cholesterol (AOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.6) and increased waist-to-hip ratio (AOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3).
conclusionThis nationally representative study shows that the prevalence of CKD in the adult population of Nepal is substantial, and it is independently associated with several cardiometabolic traits. These findings warrant longitudinal studies to identify the causes of CKD in Nepal and effective strategies to prevent it.
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Registered trials
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