ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2022
Intranasal delivery of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is sufficient to cause olfactory damage, inflammation and olfactory dysfunction in zebrafish.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroprotective effects of traditional Chinese medicine using zebrafish models - a review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Intranasal Drug Delivery Technology in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases: Challenges, Advances, and Future Research Directions.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Article
- Paired and solitary ionocytes in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium.Chemical senses · 2025Article
- Zebrafish (International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Zebrafish as a model organism for virus disease research: Current status and future directions.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Global research Activity on olfactory marker protein (OMP): A bibliometric and visualized analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Inflammation in Development and Aging: Insights from the Zebrafish Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The forkhead transcription factor Foxj1 controls vertebrate olfactory cilia biogenesis and sensory neuron differentiation.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Enhanced antidepressant effects of BDNF-quercetin alginate nanogels for depression therapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Article
- Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-associated anosmia.Physiological reviews · 2023Review
- Direct and indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the brain.Human genetics · 2023Review
- Exposure of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to SARS-CoV-2 at predicted environmentally relevant concentrations: Outspreading warns about ecotoxicological risks to freshwater fish.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Zebrafish-based platform for emerging bio-contaminants and virus inactivation research.The Science of the total environment · 2023Review
- A micro-sized vaccine based on recombinantActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2023Article
- Toxicity assessment of SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides in combination with a mix of pollutants on zebrafish adults: A perspective study of behavioral, biometric, mutagenic, and biochemical toxicity.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Zebrafish models of COVID-19.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2023Review
- Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: new insights into the underlying mechanisms.Trends in neurosciences · 2023Review
- Saline nasal irrigation and gargling in COVID-19: a multidisciplinary review of effects on viral load, mucosal dynamics, and patient outcomes.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- Neuromasts and Olfactory Organs of Zebrafish Larvae Represent Possible Sites of SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Host Cell Entry.Journal of virology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Anosmia, loss of smell, is a prevalent symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anosmia may be explained by several mechanisms driven by infection of non-neuronal cells and damage in the nasal epithelium rather than direct infection of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Previously, we showed that viral proteins are sufficient to cause neuroimmune responses in the teleost olfactory organ (OO). We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is sufficient to cause olfactory damage and olfactory dysfunction. Using an adult zebrafish model, we report that intranasally delivered SARS-CoV-2 S RBD mostly binds to the non-sensory epithelium of the olfactory organ and causes severe olfactory histopathology characterized by loss of cilia, hemorrhages and edema. Electrophysiological recordings reveal impaired olfactory function to both food and bile odorants in animals treated intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 S RBD. However, no loss of behavioral preference for food was detected in SARS-CoV-2 S RBD treated fish. Single cell RNA-Seq of the adult zebrafish olfactory organ indicated widespread loss of olfactory receptor expression and inflammatory responses in sustentacular, endothelial, and myeloid cell clusters along with reduced numbers of T
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.