ArticleScientific reports2022
L-Carnitine reduces reactive oxygen species/endoplasmic reticulum stress and maintains mitochondrial function during autophagy-mediated cell apoptosis in perfluorooctanesulfonate-treated renal tubular cells.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanistic attenuation by L-carnitine of trastuzumab-induced downregulation of adenosine monophosphate -activated protein kinase signal in cardiac H9c2 cells.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Article
- Oxidative Stress as a Pathophysiological Core of Obesity: Preclinical Evidence for Antioxidant-Based Therapy Strategies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapeutics in autism spectrum disorder: a biochemical and structure-activity relationship perspective.Molecular diversity · 2026Review
- Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in acute kidney injury: mechanistic crosstalk and therapeutic modulation.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Lands' Cycle at the Crossroads: Phospholipid Remodelling, Oxidative Stress, Cellular Toxicity, and Therapeutic Targeting.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Review
- Review
- A novel role of exostosin glycosyltransferase 2 (EXT2) in glioblastoma cell metabolism, radiosensitivity and ferroptosis.Cell death and differentiation · 2025Article
- Carnitine Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Review
- The Importance of Mitochondrial Processes in the Maturation and Acquisition of Competences of Oocytes and Embryo Culture.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Combination of Gold Nanoparticles with Carnitine Attenuates Brain Damage in an Obesity Animal Model.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- The effect of L-carnitine in reactive oxygen species reduction and apoptotic gene expression in mice after cyclophosphamide: An experimental study.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2024Article
- L-Carnitine Ameliorates Amiodarone-Mediated Alveolar Damage: Oxidative Stress Parameters, Inflammatory Markers, Histological and Ultrastructural Insights.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Involvement of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in tumor development.Archives of toxicology · 2024Review
- Anti-Melanoma Effects of Miconazole: Investigating the Mitochondria Involvement.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Metabolomic Profiling of Mice with Tacrolimus-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Carnitine Deficiency in Renal Tissue.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Oxygen is toxic in the cold inFrontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- The Influence of Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress-Induced Vascular Aging in Obesity.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We previously reported that perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) causes autophagy-induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells (RTCs) through a mechanism dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase. This study extended our findings and determined the therapeutic potency of L-Carnitine in PFOS-treated RTCs. L-Carnitine (10 mM) reversed the effects of PFOS (100 µM) on autophagy induction and impaired autophagy flux. Furthermore, it downregulated the protein level of p47Phox, which is partly related to PFOS-induced increased cytosolic ROS in RTCs. Moreover, L-Carnitine reduced ROS production in mitochondria and restored PFOS-impeded mitochondrial function, leading to sustained normal adenosine triphosphate synthesis and oxygen consumption and reduced proton leakage in a Seahorse XF stress test. The increased inositol-requiring enzyme 1α expression by PFOS, which indicated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation, was associated with PFOS-mediated autophagy activation that could be attenuated through 4-phenylbutyrate (5 mM, an ER stress inhibitor) and L-Carnitine pretreatment. Therefore, by reducing the level of IRE1α, L-Carnitine reduced the levels of Beclin and LC3BII, consequently reducing the level of apoptotic biomarkers including Bax and cleaving PARP and caspase 3. Collectively, these results indicate that through the elimination of oxidative stress, extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, and ER stress, L-Carnitine reduced cell autophagy/apoptosis and concomitantly increased cell viability in RTCs. This study clarified the potential mechanism of PFOS-mediated RTC apoptosis and provided a new strategy for using L-Carnitine to prevent and treat PFOS-induced RTC apoptosis.
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