Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35304402›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2022

Cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 and associated risk factors among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.

David Stead, Oladele Vincent Adeniyi, Mandisa Singata-Madliki, Shareef Abrahams, Joanne Batting, Eloise Jelliman, Andrew Parrish

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
3.3field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

David SteadDepartment of Internal Medicine, Walter Sisulu University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa dfstead@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0002-2908-7176
Oladele Vincent AdeniyiDepartment of Family Medicine, Walter Sisulu University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0003-0216-6701
Mandisa Singata-MadlikiDepartment of Public health, University of Fort Hare East London Campus, East London, South Africa.
Shareef AbrahamsDivision of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Joanne BattingDepartment of Public health, University of Fort Hare East London Campus, East London, South Africa.
Eloise JellimanRadiology, Frere Hospital, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
Andrew ParrishDepartment of Internal Medicine, Walter Sisulu University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
Frere Hospital · ZAUniversity of Fort Hare · ZACecilia Makiwane Hospital · ZANational Health Laboratory Service · ZA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThis study assesses the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers (HCWs) during South Africa's first wave and examines the associated demographic, health-related and occupational risk factors for infection.

methodsMultistage cluster sampling was used in a cross-sectional study to recruit 1309 HCWs from two academic hospitals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa over 6 weeks in November and December 2020. Prior test results for SARS-CoV-2 PCR and participants' characteristics were recorded while a blood sample was drawn for detection of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. The primary outcome measure was the SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence rate, defined as the combined total of positive results for either PCR or IgG antibodies, divided by the total sample. The secondary outcome was significant risk factors associated with infection.

resultsOf the total participants included in the analysis (n=1295), the majority were women (81.5%), of black race (78.7%) and nurses (44.8%). A total of 390 (30.1%) HCWs had a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 488 (37.7%), yielding a cumulative incidence of 47.2% (n=611). In the adjusted logistic regression model, being overweight (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.15, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.20), obese (aOR=1.37, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.85) and living with HIV (aOR=1.78, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.08) were independently associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. There was no significant difference in infection rates between high, medium and low COVID-19 exposure working environments.

conclusionsThe high SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence in the cohort was surprising this early in the epidemic and probably related to exposure both in and outside the hospitals. To mitigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs, infection prevention and control strategies should target community transmission in addition to screening for HIV and metabolic conditions.

Indexed as

COVID-19SARS-CoV-2Cross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHealth PersonnelHumansIncidenceMaleRisk FactorsSouth AfricaCOVID-19health & safetyinfection control

Identifiers

PMID35304402
PMCPMC8935006
OpenAlexW4220937555

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.