ArticleBMC public health2022
Intersecting sex-related inequalities in self-reported testing for and prevalence of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) risk factors in Kerala.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- National prevalence and regional variation in the burden of hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
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- Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam: evaluating equity in non-communicable disease care through a doorstep primary health program in Tamil Nadu, India.BMC primary care · 2025Article
- Sex differences in disease burden, utilization, and expenditure on primary health care services in Kerala, India.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Methodological reflections on identifying and reaching groups left behind from health programs for fieldwork in Kerala, India.Discover public health · 2025Article
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- Beyond Numbers: Decoding the Gendered Tapestry of Non-Communicable Diseases in India.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Exploring the road to public healthcare accessibility: a qualitative study to understand healthcare utilization among hard-to-reach groups in Kerala, India.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a study based on a population-based survey in Iran.BMC public health · 2024Observational
- The role(s) of community health workers in primary health care reform in Kerala, before and during the COVID 19 pandemic: a qualitative study.Frontiers in health services · 2024Article
- Article
- Sex differences in non-communicable disease multimorbidity among adults aged 45 years or older in India.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Of primary health care reforms and pandemic responses: understanding perspectives of health system actors in Kerala before and during COVID-19.BMC primary care · 2023Article
- Article
- Decomposing socioeconomic inequality in blood pressure and blood glucose testing: evidence from four districts in Kerala, India.International journal for equity in health · 2022Article
- Participation in community-based healthcare interventions and non-communicable diseases early detection of general population in Indonesia.SSM - population health · 2022Article
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Abstract
backgroundNon-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are among India's top burdens, particularly in states like Kerala, which is at an advanced stage of the epidemiological transition. Evidence in India points towards intersectional inequalities in risk factors of NCDs and testing, both of which are understudied in Kerala. We estimated the self-reported testing and prevalence of key NCD risk factors-blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose (BG) comparing Kerala men and women across educational, wealth, religion, as well as caste and tribal status subgroups.
methodA multistage random sample survey of 3398 women and 2982 men aged 30 years and over was administered in 4 districts of Kerala from July to October 2019. Descriptive analysis for men and women was undertaken using survey weights. Slope index of Inequality and Relative Concentration Index for wealth and education related inequalities, and, Weighted Mean Difference from Mean and Index of Disparity for caste and tribal status, as well as religion related inequalities were calculated using World Health Organisation's Health Equity Assessment Toolkit Plus and Stata 12.
resultsA significantly higher proportion of women reported BP and BG testing by medical personnel in the previous year than men (BP Testing among Women (BPT
conclusionDistinct patterns of sex inequalities were present in self-reported testing and prevalence of NCD risk factors in Kerala. Education and wealth seem to be associated with testing while prevalence appeared to vary by religious groups. Given the low rates of illiteracy, it is encouraging but maybe a data artefact that a small population of less-educated persons was getting tested; however, exclusion of poor groups and inequalities by other dimensions raise concerns. Further exploration is needed to understand underlying mechanisms of these inequalities to ensure we leave no one behind.
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