ArticlePorcine health management2022
Longitudinal study of the mcr-1 gene prevalence in Spanish food-producing pigs from 1998 to 2021 and its relationship with the use of polymyxins.
Article in Porcine health management, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions to reduce antimicrobial use in livestock: a systematic review and evidence map.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2026Pooled it
- Identification ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of reducing colistin use on colistin resistance inOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Epidemiological trends of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli in swine farms from the Northwest Iberian Peninsula and evaluation of air sampling for antibiotic resistance surveillance.Porcine health management · 2025Article
- Development of a UPLC-MS/MS Method for Tracking Polymyxin B Dynamics in Soil Inoculated withBiomolecules · 2025Article
- Global Variation inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Clinical analysis of colistin sulfate in the treatment of pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.World journal of clinical cases · 2024Article
- Repeated Occurrence of Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene-Carrying Plasmids in PathogenicMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Phenotypic and genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates from humans and animals in Spain from 2006 to 2021.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility from a One Health Perspective Regarding PorcineAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- mcr-1 remains detectable in various Escherichia coli lineages isolated from healthy swine after withdrawal of colistin use on the farm.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2023Article
- Farm to table: colistin resistance hitchhiking through food.Archives of microbiology · 2023Review
- Antimicrobial resistance- and pathogen patterns in the fecal microbiota of sows and their offspring in German commercial pig farms.PloS one · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Occurrence ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Mobile colistin resistance (MCR), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and multidrug resistance monitoring inFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Insights into the impact of manure on the environmental antibiotic residues and resistance pool.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundResistance to colistin was an uncommon phenomenon traditionally linked to chromosome point mutations, but since the first description of a plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance in late 2015, transmissible resistance to colistin has become a Public Health concern. Despite colistin is considered as a human last resort antibiotic, it has been commonly used in swine industry to treat post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. However, the progressively increase of colistin resistance during the last decade led to the Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS) to launch a strategic and voluntary plan aimed to reduce colistin consumption in pig production. Our longitudinal study (1998-2021) aimed to evaluate the trend of colistin resistance mediated through the mcr-1 mobile gene in Spanish food-producing pig population and compare it with published polymyxin sales data in veterinary medicine to assess their possible relationships.
resultsThe first mcr-1 positive sample was observed in 2004, as all samples from 1998 and 2002 were mcr-1 PCR-negative. We observed a progressive increase of positive samples from 2004 to 2015, when mcr-1 detection reached its maximum peak (33/50; 66%). From 2017 (27/50; 54%) to 2021 (14/81; 17%) the trend became downward, reaching percentages significantly lower than the 2015 peak (p < 0.001). The abundance of mcr-1 gene in PCR-positive samples showed a similar trend reaching the highest levels in 2015 (median: 6.6 × 10
conclusionsOur study showed the decreasing trend of colistin resistance associated to mcr-1 gene, after a previous increase from among 2004-2015, since the European Medicines Agency and AEMPS strategies were applied in 2016 to reduce colistin use in animals, suggesting a connection between polymyxin use and colistin resistance. Thus, these plans could have been effective in mcr-1 reduction, reaching lower levels than those detected in samples collected 17 years ago, when resistance to colistin was not yet a major concern.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.