ArticlePloS one2022
The relation between urinary sodium and potassium excretion and risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sodium Intake and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Individuals With Vascular Disease.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Urinary potassium/urinary creatinine ratio in outpatients with heart failure: factors associated and prognostic implications.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Lifestyle factors and all-cause mortality in long-term cancer survivors: a population-based prospective cohort study.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Association Between Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Cardiovascular Risk and Events: Findings from the Isfahan Cohort Study.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Sex difference in the relationship between 24-h sodium-potassium ratio and prevalence of metabolic syndromes: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Estimated potassium intake and major adverse cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study with trans-ethnic validation.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Article
- Associations between estimation of salt intake and salt-restriction spoons and hypertension status in patients with poorly controlled hypertension: a community-based study from Huzhou City, Eastern China.Nutrition journal · 2024Article
- Review on Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Managing Cardiovascular Disease.Current cardiology reviews · 2024Review
- The association between sodium intake and coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in the general Swedish population.European heart journal open · 2023Article
- A Method for Estimating 24 h Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion by Spot Urine Specimen in Stroke Patients.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Effectiveness of Statins for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Low- and Medium-Risk Males: A Causal Inference Approach with Observational Data.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundMost evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intake and cardiovascular disease originated from general population studies. This study aimed to evaluate the relation between estimated 24-hour sodium and potassium urinary excretion and the risk of recurrent vascular events and mortality in patients with vascular disease.
methods7561 patients with vascular disease enrolled in the UCC-SMART cohort (1996-2015) were included. Twenty-four hour sodium and potassium urinary excretion were estimated (Kawasaki formulae) from morning urine samples. Cox proportional hazard models with restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the relation between estimated urinary salt excretion and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; including myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular mortality) and all-cause mortality.
resultsAfter a median follow-up of 7.4 years (interquartile range: 4.1-11.0), the relations between estimated 24-hour sodium urinary excretion and outcomes were J-shaped with nadirs of 4.59 gram/day for recurrent MACE and 4.97 gram/day for all-cause mortality. The relation between sodium-to-potassium excretion ratio and outcomes were also J-shaped with nadirs of 2.71 for recurrent MACE and 2.60 for all-cause mortality. Higher potassium urinary excretion was related to an increased risk of both recurrent MACE (HR 1.25 per gram potassium excretion per day; 95%CI 1.13-1.39) and all cause-mortality (HR 1.13 per gram potassium excretion per day; 95%CI 1.03-1.25).
conclusionsIn patients with established vascular disease, lower and higher sodium intake were associated with higher risk of recurrent MACE and all-cause mortality. Higher estimated 24-hour potassium urinary excretion was associated with a higher risk of recurrent MACE and all-cause mortality.
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