ArticleBritish journal of pharmacology2022
The respiratory depressant effects of mitragynine are limited by its conversion to 7-OH mitragynine.
Article in British journal of pharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Avoiding False Identification of 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Kratom Products Using a Multicriteria LC-MS Confirmation.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2026Article
- Atypical respiration patterns of kratom alkaloids.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2026Article
- Kratom (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Multifaceted modulation of human opioid receptors by kratom alkaloids: binding affinity, functional selectivity, and allosteric activity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Transient Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Rhabdomyolysis, Associated With Chronic Kratom Use.Case reports in otolaryngology · 2026Article
- Observational characterization of self-reported SR-17018 exposure and outcomes in individuals with prior opioid use histories.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- A Call to Colleagues on Concentrated Synthetic 7-OH.Substance abuse and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine: Bidirectional effects on breathing in rats.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Kratom safety and toxicology in the public health context: research needs to better inform regulation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Assessment of the potential of novel and classical opioids to induce respiratory depression in mice.British journal of pharmacology · 2023Article
- Respiratory effects of oral mitragynine and oxycodone in a rodent model.Psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Interactive Effects ofThe Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2022Article
- The respiratory depressant effects of mitragynine are limited by its conversion to 7-OH mitragynine.British journal of pharmacology · 2022Article
- Adolescent kratom exposure affects cognitive behaviours and brain metabolite profiles in Sprague-Dawley rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- An update on the clinical pharmacology of kratom: uses, abuse potential, and future considerations.Expert review of clinical pharmacologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeMitragynine, the major alkaloid in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), is a partial agonist at the μ opioid receptor. CYP3A-dependent oxidation of mitragynine yields the metabolite 7-OH mitragynine, a more efficacious μ receptor agonist. While both mitragynine and 7-OH mitragynine can induce anti-nociception in mice, recent evidence suggests that 7-OH mitragynine formed as a metabolite is sufficient to explain the anti-nociceptive effects of mitragynine. However, the ability of 7-OH mitragynine to induce μ receptor-dependent respiratory depression has not yet been studied. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Respiration was measured in awake, freely moving, male CD-1 mice, using whole body plethysmography. Anti-nociception was measured using the hot plate assay. Morphine, mitragynine, 7-OH mitragynine and the CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole were administered orally. KEY
resultsThe respiratory depressant effects of mitragynine showed a ceiling effect, whereby doses higher than 10 mg·kg CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Both the anti-nociceptive effects and the respiratory depressant effects of mitragynine are partly due to its metabolic conversion to 7-OH mitragynine. The limiting rate of conversion of mitragynine into its active metabolite results in a built-in ceiling effect of the mitragynine-induced respiratory depression. These data suggest that such 'metabolic saturation' at high doses may underlie the improved safety profile of mitragynine as an opioid analgesic.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.