ReviewFrontiers in toxicology2021
Micro and Nanoplastics Identification: Classic Methods and Innovative Detection Techniques.
Review in Frontiers in toxicology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Micro- and nanoplastics in human biological materials: a systematic review of detection methods and methodological challenges.Archives of toxicology · 2026Pooled it
- The effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and perspectives.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Clear Aligners as a Prescribed Source of Unmeasured Intra-Oral Micro- and Nanoplastic Exposure: Release Mechanisms, Human Evidence, Salivary Biomonitoring and the EU Regulatory Context.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Nanoplastic Pollution of Human Bronchoalveolar Lavage Probed Based on Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Multispectral Pulsed-Transmission Laser-Diode Sensor Concept for Real-Time In Situ Assessment of Microplastics in Water.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Optical, Chemical, and Biological Detection Methods of Microplastics and Nanoplastics.ACS measurement science au · 2026Review
- Integrated GC-MS and ATR-FTIR analysis of airborne microplastics captured by spider webs.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- From Abiotic Stress to Emerging Environmental Pollutants: Expanding Roles of Melatonin and NO in Plant Defense.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Micro- and Nanoplastics as Emerging Drivers of Liver Injury: Exposure, Evidence, and Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Micro- and Nanoplastics as Potential Drivers of Dilated Cardiomyopathy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Influence of temperature and storage time on microplastic release from packaged sausages.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Fiber to fragment: a review of microplastics from textile industry effluents, their detection, ecological impact, and sustainable microbial biodegradation strategies.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Comparative evaluation of activated sludge and electrocoagulation for microplastics removal from sewage.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Recent advances in techniques for microplastic detection, microbial biodegradation and its genomic insights: a review.Biodegradation · 2026Review
- Micro- and Nanoplastics and Pulmonary Health: The Current State of Research.Microplastics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Portable Multichannel Measurement System for Real-Time Microplastics Assessment Using Microwave Sensors.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Rapid and Sensitive Quantification of Nano- and Microplastics in Water, Sediment, and Biological Tissue by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Dynamic Reaction Monitoring.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Harnessing fluorescence for advanced characterization of textile microfibre emissions.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Fluorescence-Guided Raman Spectroscopy with an Integrated Adapter for Faster and Cost-Effective Microplastic Detection.Analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Standardized trimodal histopathological examination for microplastic detection and tissue-level assessment in green mussels (Veterinary world · 2025Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Micro and nanoplastics are fragments with dimensions less than a millimeter invading all terrestrial and marine environments. They have become a major global environmental issue in recent decades and, indeed, recent scientific studies have highlighted the presence of these fragments all over the world even in environments that were thought to be unspoiled. Analysis of micro/nanoplastics in isolated samples from abiotic and biotic environmental matrices has become increasingly common. Hence, the need to find valid techniques to identify these micro and nano-sized particles. In this review, we discuss the current and potential identification methods used in microplastic analyses along with their advantages and limitations. We discuss the most suitable techniques currently available, from physical to chemical ones, as well as the challenges to enhance the existing methods and develop new ones. Microscopical techniques (i.e., dissect, polarized, fluorescence, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopy) are one of the most used identification methods for micro/nanoplastics, but they have the limitation to produce incomplete results in analyses of small particles. At present, the combination with chemical analysis (i.e., spectroscopy) overcome this limit together with recently introduced alternative approaches. For example, holographic imaging in microscope configuration images microplastics directly in unfiltered water, thus discriminating microplastics from diatoms and differentiates different sizes, shapes, and plastic types. The development of new analytical instruments coupled with each other or with conventional and innovative microscopy could solve the current problems in the identification of micro/nanoplastics.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.