ReviewJournal of analytical toxicology2023
The Evolution Toward Designer Benzodiazepines in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Cases.
Review in Journal of analytical toxicology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpol review of forensic toxicology, 2023-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- First case of drug-facilitated sexual assault involving metizolam.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Unintentional benzodiazepine use and frequency of drug checking service utilization: a cross-sectional study.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Mind the gap! Addressing unresolved aspects of abuse potential evaluation and scheduling of classic and novel psychedelic drugs.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Sexual Violence in Party-Related Social Settings from a Public Health Perspective: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Adults in Poland.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Drug-facilitated crime: A review of findings between 2019 and 2023.Journal of forensic sciences · 2025Review
- Drug screening in pharmaceutical and forensic applications using extractive-liquid sampling electron ionization-mass spectrometry (E-LEI-MS).Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Preparation of highly concentrated extracts from large volume of urine as the first step in detecting trace amounts of hypnotics in urine collected in drug-facilitated crime cases.Forensic toxicology · 2025Article
- 'It just doesn't stop': Perspectives of women who use drugs on increased overdoses during the COVID-19 pandemic.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Development of a method for determining xenobiotics in the form of dried blood spots on cotton material and Whatman® 903 cards.Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii · 2025Article
- Forensic toxicology of benzodiazepines: neuropharmacological effects, analytical challenges, and emerging detection strategies.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Review
- Vulnerability of individuals on mental health medications to drug facilitated sexual assaults.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2024Article
- The prevalence of selected licit and illicit drugs in drug facilitated sexual assaults.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2024Review
- Hidden administration of 5-APB in a dancing club of New Caledonia documented by urine analysis: about 3 cases.International journal of legal medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a crime where the victim is unable to provide sexual consent due to incapacitation resulting from alcohol or drug consumption. Due to the large number of substances possibly used in DFSA, including illicit, prescription and over-the-counter drugs, DFSA faces many toxicological challenges. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are ideal candidates for DFSA, as they are active at low doses, have a fast onset of action and can be easily administered orally. The last decade has seen the emergence of designer benzodiazepines (DBZDs), which show slight modifications compared with BZDs and similar pharmacological effects but are not controlled under the international drug control system. DBZDs represent an additional challenge due to the number of new entities regularly appearing in the market, their possibly higher potency and the limited knowledge available on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties. Many BZDs and DBZDs have a short half-life, leading to rapid metabolism and excretion. The low concentrations and short time windows for the detection of BZD in body fluids require the use of highly sensitive analysis methods to enable the detection of drugs and their respective metabolites. This review discusses the current state of the toxicological analysis of BZDs and DBZDs in forensic casework and their pharmacokinetic properties (i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination), as well as their analysis in biosamples typically encountered in DFSA (i.e., blood, urine and hair).
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.