ArticleActa obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica2022
Prolonged passive second stage of labor in nulliparous women-Prevalence and risk factors: A historical cohort study.
Article in Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Caul birth: A retrospective cohort study on prevalence, predictors, and maternal and neonatal outcomes.European journal of midwifery · 2026Article
- Second stage of labor beyond 4 h in nulliparous patients with epidural analgesia: implications and outcomes-a retrospective cohort.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Article
- Development and validation of a machine learning model for predicting intrapartum fever using pre-labor analgesia clinical indicators: a multicenter retrospective study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Inconsistent definitions of prolonged labor in international literature: a scoping review.AJOG global reports · 2024Article
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- Prolonged passive second stage of labor in nulliparous women-Prevalence and risk factors: A historical cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2022Article
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3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
introductionThis study examined the prevalence of and risk factors for a prolonged passive second stage of labor in nulliparous women. MATERIAL AND
methodsThis was a historical cohort study of all nulliparous women (n = 1131) at two delivery units in Sweden. Maternal and obstetric data were obtained from electronic medical records during 2019. Duration of the passive second stage was measured as time from retracted cervix to start of pushing. Prolonged passive second stage was defined as ≥2 h. Prevalence was calculated and associations between prolonged passive second stage and maternal, obstetric and neonatal characteristics and potential risk factors were assessed using logistic regression models.
resultsThe prevalence of prolonged passive second stage was 37.6%. Factors associated with an increased risk of prolonged passive second stage were epidural analgesia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.90-5.34), malpresentation (aOR 2.26; 95% CI 1.27-4.05), maternal age ≥ 30 years (aOR 2.00; 95% CI 1.50-2.65) and birthweight ≥ 4 kg (aOR 1.50; 95% CI 1.05-2.15). Maternal body mass index ≥30 (aOR 0.52; 95% CI 0.34-0.79) and noncohabiting (aOR 0.51; 95% CI 0.30-0.89) reduced the odds of prolonged passive second stage.
conclusionsA prolonged passive second stage of labor in nulliparous women is common (n = 425 [38%]). We found epidural analgesia, malpresentation, maternal age ≥ 30 years and birthweight ≥4 kg to be major risk factors associated with an increased risk of a prolonged passive second stage. Birth outcomes for prolonged passive second stage need to be investigated to strengthen evidence for the management of the second stage of labor.
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