Observational studyRMD open2022
Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and immune-mediated diseases: a population-based cohort study.
Observational study in RMD open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental exposures in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a priority-based evidence map, immune-mechanism integration audit and research agenda.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of autoimmune diseases is strongly associated with average annual temperatures: systematic review and linear regression analysis.BMC rheumatology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association between patient characteristics, demographics, and social determinants of health with treatment-refractory and complex-to-manage psoriatic arthritis.EULAR rheumatology open · 2026Article
- Late-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis and Air Pollution in a Multiethnic Cohort.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Integrated evaluation of environmental monitoring, rheumatoid arthritis biomarkers, and genetic variants in textile dyeing workers.The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · 2026Article
- Exploring the immunomodulatory effects of environmental contaminants on autoimmune patients: AnJournal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- Climate change-associated heat extremes and immune dysregulation: emerging links with autoimmunity, allergy, and infectious diseases.Seminars in immunopathology · 2026Review
- Article
- Inhalant Exposures and the Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- The Relationship between Climate Change and Rheumatic Disease: A Review.International archives of allergy and immunology · 2026Review
- Impact of Climate Change on Rheumatology Care: A Global Perspective.Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America · 2026Review
- Vitamin D in mucosal healing: therapeutic potential and current evidence in inflammatory bowel disease.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Implementing Climate-Adaptive Strategies to Mitigate the Burden of Rheumatic Diseases.Current rheumatology reviews · 2026Review
- Comment on "Is physical activity in polluted environments beneficial or detrimental to osteoporosis and osteoarthritis? - A prospective cohort study".International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Association between long-term ambient air pollution and incident inflammatory bowel disease across levels of adherence to a plant-based diet: a prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Plasma metabolomic signatures of air pollution and rheumatoid arthritis risk.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- A perfusable decellularized plant-based air-liquid-interface-on-a-chip for investigating inorganic dust aerosol exposure.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Rheumatology 2050: How our specialty is changing.Future healthcare journal · 2025Article
- Understanding Sex Differences in Autoimmune Diseases: Immunologic Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveEnvironmental air pollution has been associated with disruption of the immune system at a molecular level. The primary aim of the present study was to describe the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of developing immune-mediated conditions.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study on a nationwide dataset of women and men. Diagnoses of various immune-mediated diseases (IMIDs) were retrieved. Data on the monitoring of particulate matter (PM)10 and PM2.5 concentrations were retrieved from the Italian Institute of Environmental Protection and Research. Generalised linear models were employed to determine the relationship between autoimmune diseases prevalence and PM.
results81 363 subjects were included in the study. We found a positive association between PM10 and the risk of autoimmune diseases (ρ+0.007, p 0.014). Every 10 µg/m
conclusionLong-term exposure to air pollution was associated with higher risk of developing autoimmune diseases, in particular rheumatoid arthritis, CTDs and IBD. Chronic exposure to levels above the threshold for human protection was associated with a 10% higher risk of developing IMIDs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.