ArticlePeerJ2022
Effect of magnification factor by Galilean loupes on working posture of dental students in simulated clinical procedures: associations between direct and observational measurements.
Article in PeerJ, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Implementing Deflection Loupes in Endodontic Training of General Dentistry Residents: Effects on Treatment Quality, Procedure Time and Ergonomics.European journal of dental education : official journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe · 2026Trial
- Impact of dental loupes and operating microscopes on restorative performance of preclinical and clinical dental students: a pilot study.BMC medical education · 2026Trial
- Training Program for the Use of Magnification Loupes in Dentistry.European journal of dental education : official journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe · 2026Article
- Effects of Galilean Loupes on Dental Students' Posture and Cavity Preparation Quality.European journal of dental education : official journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe · 2026Article
- A qualitative analysis of Chinese novice general dentists' perspectives on using ergonomic loupes in clinical practice.PloS one · 2026Article
- The effect of dental loupes on postural ergonomics during non-surgical periodontal therapy.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Effect of loupe and microscope on dentists' neck and shoulder muscle workload during crown preparation.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Impact of using magnifying dental loupes on clinical performance during tooth preparation: A systematic review.Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry · 2024Review
- Article
- Impact of dental operative microscopes on precision in minimally invasive dental restoration procedures.American journal of translational research · 2024Article
- Effect of finger rest positions on upper limb muscle activity during pre-clinical procedures.PeerJ · 2023Article
- Transition between preclinical and clinical training: Perception of dental students regarding the adoption of ergonomic principles.PloS one · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the effect of different levels of Galilean loupe magnification on working posture as measured by compliance with ergonomic posture positions, angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck, and muscle activation in the neck and upper back region during simulated clinical conditions. Methods: An experimental laboratory study was performed in which the dependent variables were compliance with ergonomic posture requirements while performing simulated restorative procedures in Restorative Dentistry, angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck, and muscle activation in the neck and upper back. The independent variable was the level of Galilean loupe magnification, which was tested at four levels (naked eye, 2.5× magnification, 3.0× magnification, and 3.5× magnification). The cavity preparations and Class I composite resin restorations were performed on artificial first molars on a mannequin in a dental chair. The Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture Requirements (CADEP) was used for the postural analysis; as was an analysis of the angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck and surface electromyography. Working posture was recorded on video over the course of the procedure. Participants were filmed from three different angles. The Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture Requirements (CADEP) assessed compliance with ergonomic posture requirements. A locally produced posture assessment software analyzed angular deviation. Surface electromyography bilaterally assessed activation of the sternocleidomastoid, descending trapezius and ascending trapezius muscles. Two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and either Tukey's post-hoc test or the Games-Howell post-hoc test were performed (α = 0.05). Results: During the cavity preparations and restorations, the use of Galilean loupes at all magnifications positively influenced working posture as measured by participants' compliance with ergonomic posture positions ( Conclusion: The use of Galilean loupes had a positive effect on dental students' working posture during the restoration procedures performed.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.