ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2023
Disparities in Level of Care and Outcomes Among Patients with COVID-19: Associations Between Race/Ethnicity, Social Determinants of Health and Virtual Hospitalization, Inpatient Hospitalization, Intensive Care, and Mortality.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Contextual nonmedical health factors and critical care-related outcomes: a systematic review.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Mortality Risks by Occupation During the Early Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City.American journal of industrial medicine · 2026Article
- Qualitative analysis of COVID-19 experiences with testing and vaccination among people with systemic lupus erythematosus in the USA.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Assessing the efficacy of a community-based COVID-19 program with vulnerable and underserved Latino communities.Discover public health · 2026Article
- Identifying salient behavioral health access and social determinant of health factors among a Latino population with uncontrolled diabetes living on the U.S.-Mexico border.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- A Research Agenda to Mitigate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in U.S. Critical Care Medicine: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Where you live and where you receive care: Using cross-classified multilevel modeling to examine hospital and neighborhood variation in in-hospital mortality and mortality disparities.Annals of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic status and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization in theFrontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Bridging social capital among Facebook users and COVID-19 cases growth in Arizona.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Review
- Social Disparities and Critical Illness during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.Critical care clinics · 2024Review
- Socioeconomic and clinical risk factors associated with moderate intensity physical activity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Retrospective analysis of equity-based optimization for COVID-19 vaccine allocation.PNAS nexus · 2023Article
- Retrospective Analysis of Equity-Based Optimization for COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Neurofilament light chain and vaccination status associate with clinical outcomes in severe COVID-19.iScience · 2022Article
- Impact of Social Deprivation on Hospitalization and Intensive Care Unit Admission among COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Iranian journal of public health · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the role of race/ethnicity and social determinants of health on COVID-19 care and outcomes for patients within a healthcare system that provided virtual hospital care.
methodsThis retrospective cohort study included 12,956 adults who received care for COVID-19 within an integrated healthcare system between 3/1/2020 and 8/31/2020. Multinomial models were used to examine associations between race/ethnicity, insurance, neighborhood deprivation measured by Area Deprivation Index (ADI), and outcomes of interest. Outcomes included (1) highest level of care: virtual observation (VOU), virtual hospitalization (VACU), or inpatient hospitalization; (2) intensive care (ICU); and (3) all-cause 30-day mortality.
resultsPatients were 41.8% White, 27.2% Black, and 31.0% Hispanic. Compared to White patients, Black patients had 1.86 higher odds of VACU admission and 1.43 higher odds of inpatient hospitalization (vs. VOU). Hispanic patients had 1.24 higher odds of inpatient hospitalization (vs. VOU). In models stratified by race/ethnicity, Hispanic and Black patients had higher odds of inpatient hospitalization (vs. VOU) if Medicaid insured compared to commercially insured. Hispanic patients living in the most deprived neighborhood had higher odds of inpatient hospitalization, compared to those in the least deprived neighborhood. Black and Hispanic patients had higher odds of ICU admission and 30-day mortality after adjustment for other social determinants.
conclusionsInsurance and ADI were associated with COVID-19 outcomes; however, associations varied by race/ethnicity. Racial/ethnic disparities in outcomes are not fully explained by measured social determinants of health, highlighting the need for further investigation into systemic causes of inequities in COVID-19 outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.